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 IX.] THE GREAT REVOLUTION. 183 who had been executed in the Reign of Terror. There was now once more a Court, with state carriages, liv^eries, rich dresses, and mihtary display. 20. The Second Italian War. 1800 . — In the spring of 1800 Buonaparte set out to reconquer Italy from the Aus- trians. The Austrian army was scattered over the western part of Piedmont ; part of it was besieging General Mas- sena in Genoa, now almost the only town in Italy held by the French. Buonaparte had promised Massena that he would come to his relief, but instead of doing this he led his army over the pass of St. Bernard into the north of Piedmont, and then moved eastward to Milan. The effect of this was that although Massena was not relieved, Buonaparte had brought his own army between the Aus- trian army and the roads from Austria, so that if the Austrians could not cut their way back, they were utterly ruined. The Austrian general Melas collected what forces he could at Alessandria, turned round so as to face east, and marched against Buonaparte, who was now outside Alessandria, at the village of Marengo. After almost winning a great victory, the Austrians were defeated and driven back into Alessandria (June 14). Thus cut off from Austria, the Austrian general, to avoid bemg made prisoner with his whole army, agreed to retire from Lombardy and to give back to the French every- thing that had been conquered by Suvarofif in the pre- ceding year. The Emperor Francis began to negotiate for peace, but, heavy as his losses were, he refused Buonaparte's terms, and continued the war. Buonaparte himself now remained in Paris, but gave orders to General Moreau, who had entered Bavaria, to move forwards upon Vienna. On the night of the 3rd of December there was a desperate battle at Hohenlinden, on the Iser, between Moreau and the Austrians under Archduke John, snow falling all the time so fast that the two armies could not see each other, and only aimed towards the flashes of the muskets. At last General Richepanse cut off half the Austrian army from the rest, and, charging them in flank, broke them completely, but not till 7000 on either side had fallen. The way to Vienna was open : Russia had withdrawn from the war in consequence of Austria trying to conquer Italy for itself. The Emperor Francis II. was forced to sign a peace at Ltineville, giving to France all that had been given to it by the Treaty of Campo Formic,