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 266 NOTES P. 64, 1. 6 f. For a map showing this division see Longnon's Ailas. Theod- oric had his capital at Rheims and held Auvergne, Clodomer held Tours and Poitiers and made Orleans his capital. Childebert had Paris, and Clothar, Soissons, for his capital. Note that all divided equally, Theodoric the son of a concubine (p. 38) with the rest. P. 54, 1. 22. Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths (475-526). P. 65, 1. 13 f. See p. 38. P. 66, 1. 21. Cf. p. 54. Hermenfred had " forgotten " to reward Theod- oric. The atrocities of the Thuringians are mentioned only here. P. 67, 1. 3. Ecce verbum directum habemus. Cf. p. 84, 1. 8, Verbum enim directum non habemus. The verbum directum was not justification to public opinion but to the supernatural powers. Cf. p. 45, 4 f. and Introd. pp. xxiv- XXV. P. 59, 1. 2. Vitry in Champagne. P. 60, c. 15. This story is from Gregory's family tradition. The bishop of Langres was Gregory's great-grandfather and Attains was a relative. Treves was in Theodoric's territory (Longnon, p. 368), so that Attains must have been a hostage from Childebert. However, Longnon (p. 209) gives reasons for the opinion that Langres also belonged to Theodoric. In that case Attains must have belonged to some other city and must have gone to Gregory merely for protection. For a contrary opinion see Bonnell, Die Anfange des Karolingischen Hauses, p. 204, Note 2. P. 60, 1. II. Note the use of the term barbarian (barbarus) for Frank. See also p. 94, c. 35. P. 62, 1. 8. Amdt remarks that the Meuse should certainly have been named in this passage rather than the Moselle. The latter, however, is the reading of all the Mss. P. 64, 1. 9. The Prankish kings were " long-haired " (reges crinitos) (p. 31). The alternative offered to queen Clotilda was to countenance the degradation of her grandchildren from royal rank or "to see them dead." P. 66, 1. 7. The relation of godfather to godson was regarded as of great importance. See e.g. p. 179, 1. 10. P. 66, 1. 13. Aries was probably taken by Theodobert about 534 and re- mained only a short time in his hands. Longnon, p. 434. P. 67, 1. 33. For the " fast of the Ninevites," see Jonah 3, 5. P. 70, c. 34. Professor J. W. Thompson {Commerce of France in the Ninth Century, Journal of Political Economy, November, 191 5, pp. 876-7) regards this merchant group as probably going back to a Roman mercantile corporation. He is in error however in supposing that the merchants lent money to the king on the occasion Gregory refers to. P. 70, c. 36. The Franks objected to being taxed not only because they were originally tax-free, but because the payment of taxes degraded them by placing them on a level with the conquered Gallo-Romans. This explains the bitter- ness of the enmity to Parthenius {cf. p. 177), who may be judged from other references to him as a man intellectually at least much superior to the environ- I