Page:History of merchant shipping and ancient commerce (Volume 3).djvu/15

 India in foreign and in United States ships even from English ports—Coasting trade—Summary of the Navigation Laws. 81-109
 * fications of the law—East India Trade and Shipping—Trade with

CHAPTER V.

Progress of the changes in the Navigation Laws—Reciprocity Treaties—Austria, July 1838—Zollverein States, August 1841—Russia, 1843—Various anomalies, &c., then in existence—Curious effects of Registry Laws, as regarded individuals or corporate bodies—Ship Equador—Decision of the Queen's Bench, December 1846—Further details: owner to reside in the United Kingdom—Naturalisation of goods brought to Europe—Waste of capital caused thereby; and obstructions to trade—Story of the cochineal—But the Navigation Laws not always to blame—Special views of the Canadians—Montreal, its shipping and trade—Navigation of the St. Lawrence—Free-trade with the United States desired by the farmers of Canada—Negotiations proposed—Canadians urge the abolition of Protection—Views of Western Canada—Canadians, really, only for partial Free-trade—Improvements of their internal navigation—Welland Canal—Cost of freight the real question—Loss to Canada by New York line—General summary of results as to Canada—West Indians for Free-trade as well as Canadians—Divergent views of capitalists at home—Liverpool and Manchester opposed     110-135

CHAPTER VI.

Witnesses examined by Mr. Ricardo's Committee: Mr. J. S. Lefevre, Mr. Macgregor, Mr. G. R. Porter—Their extreme views not conclusive to the Committee—Evidence adduced by the Shipowners—Ships built more cheaply abroad—Evidence of Mr. G. F. Young, and his general conclusions—Mr. Richmond's evidence—Asserts that shipping is a losing trade.—Replies to the charges against Shipowners.—Views as to captains of merchant ships.—Praises their nautical skill and capacity.—His character of common seamen.—Attacks Mr. Porter.—Offers valuable details of ship-building.—Is prepared to go all lengths in favour of Protection.—His jealousy of the Northern Powers—Evidence of Mr. Braysher, Collector of Customs in London.—General effect of the Navigation Laws on the Customs.—With the Northern Ports and America.—Difficulty about "manufactured" articles.—Anomalies of the coasting and internal trade—Committee's last meeting, July 17—General dissatisfaction with the results of the inquiry—Commercial panic and distress of 1847—Suspension of Bank Charter Act     136-160