Page:History of merchant shipping and ancient commerce (Volume 1).djvu/715


 * going boats in, till the period of the Ptolemies, pp. 52-57

Egypt, conquest of, by Octavianus, enormously promotes Roman commerce with the East, p. 173 Egyptian Records not to be harmonized with the Bible, p. 45  Egyptian Tombs, value of wall-paintings in, as delineating most of the customs of the country, p. 46  Egyptians, not Caucasians, or Semites, as shown by their skulls from the mummy-pits, p. 45 , the first to build deck-houses on their vessels, p. 58  Eratosthenes draws a parallel of latitude through Gibraltar, Rhodes, and Lycia, to India, Introd. p. xl Essex, the Earl of, the first to fit out an expedition to the Holy Land, p. 376  Ethelred, Law under, that every owner of 310 hides of land should furnish a ship for the Navy, p. 355  Eudoxus the First, voyage of, from Arabian Gulf to Gades, under Ptolemy Lathyrus, p. 81  Eudoxus the Second, of Cyzicus, story of the finding of the prow of an Egyptian ship, confirmed by Humboldt, p. 83 , voyages to India, under Ptolemy Physcon and Cleopatra (his queen), pp. 81-83  Europe, the commerce of, during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, wholly in the hands of the Lombard (or Italian) merchants, p. 478  Excise, value of, at Rome under Augustus, p. 175  Ezekiel, prophecy relating to Tyre and mainland of Phœnicia, in ch. xxvii., examined, pp. 7-14 Ezion-geber, the "Giant's backbone," description of, by Dean Stanley, p. 29   Fairs, the Statute, sprung out of the religious assemblies of the Sundays, p. 343  Festus Avienus, curious poem of, noticing early settlements in Britain and Ireland, p. 20  Firmus, a paper-maker, heads the revolt of Alexandria,  273, p. 159  Flanders, great increase of its trade, especially with the Italian republics and the East (viâ Constantinople), pp. 416-17  Flood, Scriptural account of, confirmed by the discoveries of Mr. George Smith, Introd. p. xxiv, note

Florence, early reputation of its banking establishments, pp. 523-4

, naval expeditions of, to Egypt, Constantinople, and Majorca, pp. 525-6

, the freedom of trade at, not unlike the practice of ancient Tyre, p. 527

, the public galleys of, and their trade, pp. 530-1

, consulates belonging to, established in various foreign countries as early as 1339, p. 531

, principal causes of its commercial decline, pp. 532-3

Florin, a gold coin struck by the Florentines in imitation of the Venetian ducat, p. 526

Flotation, first invention of, in the hollowed log and raft, ascribed by the ancients to the gods, Introd. pp. xxi-xxii

Foreign Trade, especially that of Flanders and of the Italian republics, greatly advantaged by the wars in which England wasted her strength, pp. 416-22

Frankincense, enormous consumption of, at Babylon, p. 98

Franks, celebrated return of, from Black Sea through Straits of Gibraltar to Frisian coasts, p. 164

French, The, during the Middle Ages, with the exception of the Marseillais, chiefly notorious as wreckers, p. 470

Galley, French, description of, in 1701, pp. 262-5

Galleys, ancient, their various sizes and mode of rating, p. 253

of large size attributed by the ancients to Dionysius I. and to Demetrius Poliorcetes, pp. 255-6

, general character of the ancient, pp. 256-9

, difficulty of arranging the oars according to any ancient account which has been preserved, pp. 260-1

, central portion of all, probably covered with awning or tarpaulin, p. 292