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Constantinople, 718-1453: its increased prosperity—Manufactures of Greece—System of taxation, and of expenditure—Fleets, and mode of warfare—Struggle for maritime supremacy—Scandinavians—Muscovites, their trade and ships—Russians; their early commerce, and attempts to capture Constantinople—Their ships—The Normans, and their expeditions—Establish themselves in Italy, 1016—Amalfi—Futile attempts of the Normans to take Constantinople, 1081-1084—Rise of Venice—The cause of its prosperity—Spread of the Scythians, Huns, or Turks, 997-1028—The Crusades, 1095-1099—Siege of Acre,  1189—Armistice, 1192—Fourth Crusade, 1202—The effect of the Crusades on the commerce of Constantinople, and on its fall—Power of Venice, 1202; her ships join in the Crusade, which was afterwards altered from its original design—They besiege and take Constantinople, 1204—Commerce declines under the Latins, but revives on the restoration of the Empire, 1261—Genoa—Genoese settlement at Galata and Pera—Arrogance of the Genoese, who at last rebel, 1348, and declare war,  1349—The progress of the Turks, 1341-47—Their fleet—First use of gunpowder and of large cannon—The Turks finally become masters of the Eastern capital, 1453.

Although the Greeks had suffered considerable hardship during the thirteen months they were besieged by the Saracens, the siege was no sooner raised than they returned to their usual occupations with increased energy. The losses they had sustained, by an interruption to their maritime commerce, and the curtailment of their home