Page:History of merchant shipping and ancient commerce (Volume 1).djvu/18

 ships—Genoese carrack—Their corsairs and pirates—The most daring of the pirates; their terrible fate—Corsairs—Bologna and Ancona—Importance of Pisa—Her trade with the Saracens, about 1100; and ships—Her first great misfortune—Mode of conducting her trade—Florence—The Florentines ship goods from a port of Pisa—Sale and transfer of Leghorn, 1421—First expeditions to Egypt, Constantinople, and Majorca—Freedom of commercial intercourse amongst the Florentines—Their frugality, contrasted with their magnificent public displays—Duties and powers of the board of the "six consuls of the sea"—Their public vessels, and the trade in which they were employed—Consular agents—Extent of the Florentine commerce, and cause of its decline—The smaller states—Decorations and traditionary emblems of ships—Signals—Manners and customs of seamen—Their legends—Punishments for gambling and swearing—Superstitions—Manners and morals, 1420—General severity of punishments—Impaling, flogging, &c.—Branding      Pages 504-546

CHAPTER XVI.

Spain and Portugal—Importance of their commerce in ancient times; and its decline during the Middle Ages—Trade with the coasts of Africa—The maritime discoveries of the Portuguese—Expeditions along the West Coast of Africa by order of Prince Henry—Discovery of Madeira, 1418—Capes Boyador and Blanco,  1441—Cape Verde Islands, 1446, and Azores,  1449—Equator crossed, 1471—John II. of Portugal—First attempt to reach India by the Cape of Good Hope, 1487—Ancient dread of the Atlantic—Christopher Columbus—His ideas of the form of the earth, and love for maritime discovery—His visit to Lisbon, and treatment by the Portuguese—His formal proposal in 1480 to the crown of Portugal, which is referred to a learned junto, who ridicule his idea—He leaves Lisbon, 1484; and visits Spain,  1485—His kind reception by the prior of the convent of La Rabida—First interview with the sovereigns of Spain—Its result—The ridicule he endured—Evidences of an inhabited country to the West of Europe—Orders given by Ferdinand to provide Columbus with the vessels and stores necessary for his voyage to the West—Conditions signed 17th April, 1492—Vessels at last provided for the expedition—Their size and character—Smallness of the expedition—Its departure, 3rd August, 1492—Arrival at the Canary Islands—Great fear and discontent among the crews—Matters become serious—Contemplated mutiny—Land discovered 12th October, 1492—Columbus takes possession of the island of Guanahani in the name of Spain—The first impressions of the natives on Columbus        547-581