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Rh nerve, in what was then one of the most lawless towns on the Pacific Coast. It meant inviting the active enmity of a crew of dangerous men in days when shooting and shanghai-ing were bits of ordinary routine. Success was not to come for many years, but Ireland made the first courageous effort.

The first of the newspapers printed in Finnish in Astoria, which has a large Finnish fishing population, was the Unsi Kotimaa, published weekly from 1881 to 1890 by August Nylund. Then came the Lannetar, adso a weekly, launched in 1890 and issued Fridays by Adoph Ruppa, editor; Alex Ketonen and J. E. Saari publishers. The directories failed to list the paper during the depression period of the middle 90's; but it was started again in 1897, issued Thursdays by the Lannetar Publishing Company, with H. A. Harper editor. In 1900 V. E. Bergman was editor and C. C. Rosenberg publisher; two years later Rosenberg was both editor and publisher, and by 1906 the paper was dead.

It was followed (1907) by the Toveri, established November 7 of that year. The publisher was the Western Workmen's Publishing Society. The paper, a labor publication, ran first as a twice-a-week, then as a thrice-a-week for the first few years and was changed into a daily in 1912. In 1930 the editor and several members of the staff were arrested on charges of communism, and some of the staff members were deported to Russia. At the end of 1930 the paper was consolidated with the Tyomies and moved to Superior, Wis. The, Toveritar, weekly edition, ran parallel for several years.

The Lannen Suometar, founded in 1922, has been conducted as a Tuesday-Friday semi-weekly by the Finnish Lutheran Book Concern, with H. L. Olilla editor and general manager.

One of the outstanding bits of work of an Astoria news man was not a news story at all but a book—The Memoirs of~Li Hung Chang, by Maj. W. Francis Mannix, who for several years up to his death in 1922 was news editor of the Astorian. Major Mannix, a clever writer, took rank through the authorship of that book, with the great hoaxers of history. For the work, published in England and America about 25 years ago, was exposed as a fake by Ralph D. Paine, noted war correspondent and writer on journalistic subjects, who had known Mannix in the Orient. Mannix had fooled not only the critics but such eminent authorities on Oriental affairs as John W. Foster, American secretary of state. The ingenuity of the book was marvelous—and all the writer had to start with was service as a private in the Ninth Infantry with the American forces in the Boxer rebellion of 1900 and books on China he had studied while in jail in Honolulu. His imagination did the rest. (85).

Seaside.—E. N. Hurd, with 17 consecutive years as publisher of set up a record the Seaside Signal, weekly published Wednesdays, which Max Schafer, who succeeded him as publisher in 1928, is