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 THE IDEALISTIC REACTION. 623 (with the assent of Gierke, Praissischc Jahrbucher, vol. liii. 1884) declares against the transfer of the method of natural science to the mental sciences, which require a special foundation. In spite of his critical rejection of meta- phxsics, Wilhelm Windelband in Strasburg (born 1848 ; Preludes, 1884) is, like Dilthey, to be counted among the idealists. In opposition to the individualism of the pos- itivists, the folk-psychologists — at their head Steinthal and Lazarus (p. 536); Gustav Glogau * in Kiel (born 1844) is an adherent of the same movement — defend the power of the universal over individual spirits. The spirit of the people is not a phrase, an empty name, but a real force, not the sum of the individuals belonging to the people, but an encompassing and controlling power, which brings forth in the whole body processes {e. g., language) which could not occur in individuals as such. It is only as a member of society that anyone becomes truly man ; the community is the subject of the higher life of spirit. If folk-psychology, whose title but imperfectly expresses the comprehensive endeavor to construct a psychology of society or of the universal spirit, is, as it were, an empir- ical confirmation of Hegel's theory of Objective Spirit, Rudolf Eucken t (born 1846), pressing on in the Fichtean manner from the secondary facts of consciousness to an original real-life, endeavors to solve the question of a uni- versal becoming, of an all-pervasive force, of a supporting unity (" totality ") in the life of spirit (neither in a purely noetical nor a purely metaphysical, but) in a noological way, and demands that the fundamental science or doctrine of principles direct its attention not to cognition by itself, but to the activity of psychical life as a whole. Sitzungsberichte of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, 1890; "Conception and Analysis of Man in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries " in the Archiv fur Geschichte der Philosophie, vols. iv., v., 1 891-92. Form and the Laws of Motion of the Spirit, 1880; part ii., The Nature and ike Fundamental Forms of Conscious Spirit, 1888) ; Outlines of Psychology, 1884. f Eucken : The Unity of Spiritual Life in the Consciousness and Deeds of Humanity, 1888 ; Prolegomena to this, 1885. A detailed analysis of the latter by Falckenberg is given in the Zeitschrift fiif Philosophic, vol. xc, 1887 ; cf. above, pp. 17 and 610.
 * Glogau : Sketch of the Fundamental Philosophical Sciences (part i., The