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 6lo NEW SYSTEMS. this) ; the fourth is the Esthetics (part i. German Alst Jut ica since Kant, 1886; part ii. Philosophy of the Beautiful, 1887). The Collected Studies and Essays, 1876, were preceded by two treatises on the philosophy of nature, Truth and Error in Darwinism, 1875, and The Unconscioiis from the Sta?id- point of Physiology and the Theory of Descent, published anonymously in 1872, in the latter of which, disguised as a Darwinian, he criticises his own philosophy. Of his more recent publications we may mention the Philosophical Ques- tions of the Day, 1885; Modern Problems, 1886; and the controversial treatise Lotze's Philosophy, 1888.* In polemical relation, on the one hand, to the naive realism of life, and, on the other, to the subjective idealism of Kant, or rather of the neo-Kantians, the logical con- clusion of which would be absolute illusionism, Hartmann founds his " transcendental realism," which mediates be- tween these two points of view (the existence and true nature of the world outside our representations isknowable, if only indirectly; the forms of knowledge, in spite of their subjective origin, have a more than subjective, a transcend- ental, significance) by pointing out that sense-impressions, Avhich are accompanied by the feeling of compulsion and are different from one another, cannot be explained from the ego, but only by the action of things in themselves external to us, /. e., independent of consciousness, and themselves distinct from one another. The causality of things in them- Unbewusste und der Pessimismus, 1873 ; Vaihinger, Hartmann, Diihring und Lange, 1876 ; R. Koeber, Das philosophische System Ed. v, Hartmanns, 1884 ; O. Pfleiderer, critique of the Phdnomenologie des sittlichen Bewusstseins{Im nenen Reich), 1879 ; L. von Golther, Der moderne Pessimismus, 1878 ; J. Huber, Der Pessimismus, 1876 ; Weygoldt, Kritik des philosophischen Pessi- mismus der neuesten Zeit, 1875 ; M. Venetianer, Der AUgeist, 1874 ; A Taubert (Hartmann's first wife), Der Pessimismus und seine Gegner, 1873 ; O. Pliimacher, Der Katnpf urns Unbewusste (with a chronological table of Hartmann litera- ture appended), 1881 ; the same, Der Pessimismtts in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, 1884 ; Krohn, Streifzuge (see above, p. 587 note) ; Seydel (see above, p. 17). During the year 1882 four publications appeared under the title Der Pessimismus und die Sittenlehre, bv Bacmeister. Christ, Rehmke, and H. Sommer (2d ed., 1883). [English translation of Truth and Error in Darwinism the Journal 0/ Speculative Philosophy, vols, xi.-xiii., and of The Religion of the Future, by Dare, 1886 ; cf. also Sully's Pessimism, chap. v. — Tr.]
 * 0n Hartmann cf. Volkelt in Nord und Slid, July, 1881 ; the same, Das