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 6o6 NEW SYSTEMS. by Peipers in three volumes (1885-91); and Rehnisch iias edited eight sets of dictata from his lectures, 1871-84.* Since these " Outlines," all of which we now have in new editions, make a convenient introduction to the Lotzean system, and are, or should be, in the possession of all, a brief survey may here suffice, y The subject of metaphysics is reality. Things which are, events which happen, relations which exist, representative contents and truths which are valid, are real. Events hap- pening and relations existing presuppose existing things as the subjects in and between which they happen and exist./ The being of things is neither their being perceived (for when we say that a thing is we mean that it continues to be, even when we do not perceive it), nor a pure, unrelated position, its position in general, but to be ts to stand in rela- tions. Further, the what or essence of the things which enter into these relations cannot be conceived as passive quality, but only abstractly, as a rule or a law which determines the connection and succession of a series of qualities. The nature of water, for example, is the unintu- itable somewhat which contains the ground of the change of ice, first into the liquid condition, and then into steam, when the temperature increases, and conversely, of the possibility of changing steam back into water and ice under opposite conditions. And when we speak of an unchange- able identity of the thing with itself, as a result of which it remains the same essence amid the change of its phenomena, osophy of Nature, Logic and the Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Metaphysics. j^sthetics, and the History of Philosophy since Kant, all of which may be em- phatically commended to students, especially the one first mentioned, and, in spite of its subjective position, the last. [English translations of these Outlines, except the fourth and the last, by Ladd, 1884 seq.~ On Lotze cf. the obituaries by J. Baumann {Philosophische Afottatsheffe, vol. xvii.), H. Sommer {Tin Neuen Reich), A. Krohn {Zeitschrift fiir Philosophic, vol. Ixxxi. pp. 56-93), R. Falckenberg (Augsburg Allgetneine Zeitung, 1881, No. 233), and Rehnisch {National Zeitung, and the Revue Philosophique, vol. xii.). The last of these was reprinted in the appendix to the Grundzuge der Aesthetik, 1884, which contains, further, a chronological table of Lotze's works, essays, and critiques, as well as of his lectures. Hugo Sommer has zealously devoted himself to the populariza- tion of the Lotzean system. Cf., further, Fritr Koegel, Lotzes Aest/ietik, GOt- tingen, 1S86, and the article by Koppelmann referred to above, p. 330.
 * Outlines of PsycJwlogy, Practical Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion, Phil-