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 6oo NEW SYSTEMS. have been made at a new conception of the world, and with varying success. Of the earlier theories * only two have been able to gather a circle of adherents — the dual- istic theism of Giinther (1783-1863), and the organic view of the world of Trendelenburg (1802-72). Anton Giinther (engaged in authorship from 1827 ; Collected Writings, 1881 ; Anti-Savarese, edited with an appendix by P. Knoodt), who in 1857 was compelled to retract his views, invokes the spirit of Descartes in opposi- tion to the Hegelian pantheism. In agreement with Descartes, Giinther starts from self-consciousness (in the ego being and thought are identical), and brings not only the Creator and the created world, but also nature (to which the soul is to be regarded as belonging) and spirit into a relation of exclusive opposition, yet holds that in man nature (body and soul) and spirit are united, and that they interact without prejudice to their qualitative differ- ence. J. H. Pabst (died in 1838 in Vienna), Theodor Weber of Breslau, Knoodt of Bonn (died 1889), V. Knauer of Vienna and others are Giintherians. Adolf Trendelenburg f of Berlin, the acute critic of Hegel and Herbart, in his own thinking goes back to the spekulative Theologie, edited by Professor E. Commer of Miinster, 1886 j^^., and Philosophisches Jahrbuch, edited, at the instance and with the support of the Gorres Society, by Professor Const. Gutberlet of Fulda, 1888^1?$'. While the text-books of Hagemann, Stoeckl, Gutberlet, Pesch, Commer, C. M. Schneider, and others also follow Scholastic lines, B. Bolzano (died 1848), M. Deutinger (died 1864) and his pupil Neudecker, Oischinger, Michelis, and W. Rosenkrantz (1821-74 I Science of Knowledge, 1866-68), who was influenced by Schelling, have taken a freer course. (of. E. von Hartmann in the Philosophise he Monatshefte, vol. xxii. 1886, p. 59 seq., and J. von Billewicz, in the same, vol. xxi. 1885, p. 561 seq.^ ; J. F. Reiff in Tubingen : System of the Determinations of the Will, 1842 ; K. Chr. Planck (died 1880) : The "Ages of the World, 1850 seq.; Testament of a German, edited by Karl Kostlin, 1881 ; F. Rose (1815-59), On the Method of the Knorvl- edge of the Absolute, 1841 ; Psychology as Introduction to the Philosophy of Individuality, 1856. Emanuel Sharer follows Rose. Friedrich Rohmer (died 1856) : Science of God, Science of Man, in Friedrich Rohmers Wissenschaft und Lebcn, edited by Bluntschli and Rud. Seyerlen, 6 vols., 1871-92. f Trendelenburg : logical Investigations, 1840, 3d ed., 1870; Historical Con- tributions to Philosophy, 3 vols., 1846, 1855, 1867 ; Natural Law on the Basis of Ethics, i860, 2d ed., 1868. On Trendelenburg cf. Eucken in the Philos' ophische Monatshefte, 1884,
 * Trahndorff, gymnasial professor in Berlin (1782-1863), ^Esthetics, 1827