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 SPENCER. 579 tenance of life at large and of social life. From this law follow various particular corollaries or rights, all of which coincide with ordinary ethical concepts and have legal enact- ments corresponding to them. Political rights so-called do not exist ; government is simply a system of appliances for the maintenance of private rights. Both the nature of the state and its constitution are variable : the militant type requires centralization and a coercive constitution ; the industrial type implies a wider distribution of political power, but requires a representation of interests rather than a representation of individuals. Government develops as a result of war, and its function of protection against internal aggression arises by differentiation from its primary function of external defense. These two, then, constitute the essential duties of the state ; when war ceases the first falls away, and its sole function becomes the maintenance of the conditions under which each individual may "gain the fullest life compatible with the fullest life of fellow-citizens." All beyond this, all interference with this life of the indi- vidual, whether by way of assistance, restraint, or education, proves in the end both unjust and impolitic. The remain- ing parts of the Ethics will treat of Negative and Positive Beneficence If J. S. Mill and Spencer (the latter of whom, more- over, had announced evolution as a world-law before the appearance of Darwin), move in a direction akin to posi- tivism, the same is true, further, of G. H. Lewes (1817-78; History of Philosophy, 5th ed., 1880; Problejus of Life and Mind, 1874 seq>j. Turning to the discussion of particular disciplines, we may mention as prominent among English logicians,* besides Hamilton, Whewell, and Mill, Whately, Mansel, Thomson, De Morgan, Boole {An Investigation of the Latvs of Thought, 1854); W. S. Jevons {The Principles of Science, 2d ed., 1877); Venn {Symbolic Logic, 1881 ; Empirical Logic, 1889), Wundt's Philosophische Studien ; L. Liard, Les Logicievs Anglais Contem- porains, 1878; Al. Riehl in vol. i. of the Vicrteljahrsschrift fiir wissenschaft lichf Philosophie, iS-j-j [cf. also appendix A to the English translation of Ueberweg's Logic. — Tr.].
 * Cf. Nedich, Die Lehre von der Quantifikation des Pradikats in vol. iii. of