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 552 FRANCE. views of the first named thinkers. The review Filosofia delle Scuole Italiane, called into life by Mamiani in 1870, has been continued since 1886 under the direction of L. Ferri as the Rivista Italiana di Filosofia. The Thomistic doctrine has many adherents in Italy, among whom the Jesuit M. Liberatore (1865) may be men- tioned. The Hegelian philosophy has also found favor there (especially in Naples), as well as positivism. The former is favored by Vera, Mariano, Ragnisco, and Spaventa (died 1885); the Rivista di Filosofia Scientifica, 1881 seq., founded by Morselli, supports the latter, and E. Caporali's La Nuova Scienza, 1884, moves in a similar direction. Pietro Sicilian! {On the Revival of the Positive Philosophy in Italy, 1871) makes the third, the critical, period of philosophy by which scholasticism is overthrown and the reason made authoritative, commence with Vico, and bases his doctrine on Vico's formula : The conversion (transpo- sition) of the verum and the factum, and vice versa. Subsequently he inclined to positivism, which he had previously opposed, and among the representatives of which we may mention, further, R. Ardig6 of Pavia {Psy- chology as Positive Science, 1870 ; The Ethics of Positivism, 1885 ; Philosophical Works, 1883 seq.), and Andrea Angiulli of Naples (died 1890; Philosophy and the Schools, 1889), who explain matter and spirit as two phenomena of the same essence ; further, Giuseppe Sergi, Giovanni Cesca, and the psychiatrist, C. Lombroso, the head of the posi- tivistic school of penal law. 2. France. Among the French philosophers of this century * none can compare in far-reaching influence, both at home and abroad, with Auguste Comte.f the creator of positivism by Taine (1857, 3d ed., 1867); Janet (Za Philosophie Frani;aisc Contemporaine, 2ded., 1879) ; A. Franck ; Ferraz (3 vols., 1880-89) ; Felix Ravaisson (2d ed., 1884); the Swede, J. Borelius {Glances at the Present Position of Philosophy in Germany and France, G^rmzn translation by Jonas, 1887); [and 'RWiOi, Mind, vol. ii., 1877]. f On Comte cf. B. Piinjer. Jahrbiicher fiir protestantische Theologie, 1878- R. Eucken, Zur IVurdigting Comtes und des Positivismus, in the Aufsdtze turn
 * Accounts of French philosophy in the nineteenth century have been given