Page:History of Modern Philosophy (Falckenberg).djvu/531

 /. F. FRIES. 509 is only a variant mode of appearing on the part of one and the same reality — so Fries remarks in opposition to the influxus physicus and the Iiarmonia pmstabilata — which now shows me my person inwardly as my spirit, and now outwardly as the life-process of my body. Practical phi- losophy includes ethics, the philosophy of religion, and aesthetics. In accordance with the threefold interest of our animal, sensuo-rational, and purely rational impulses, there result three ideals for the legislation of values. These are the ideal of happiness, the ideal of perfection, and the ideal of morality, or of the agreeable, the useful, and the good, the third of which alone possesses an uncondi- tioned worth and validity as a universal and necessary law. The moral laws are deduced from faith in the equal personal dignity of men, and the ennobling of humanity set up as the highest mission of morality. The three funda- mental aesthetical tempers are the idyllic <ind epic of enthusiasm, the dramatic of resignation, the lyric of devotion. Fries's system is thus a union of Kantian positions with elements from Jacobi, in which the former experience deterioration, and the latter improvement, namely, more exact formulation. Among his adherents, and he has them still, the following appear deserving of mention : the bot- anists Schleiden and Hallier; the theologian De Wette ; the philosophers Calker (of Bonn, died 1870) and Apelt (1812-59). The last made himself favorably known by his Epochs of the History of Humanity, 1845-46, Theory of Induction, 1854, and Metaphysics, 1857 ; his Philosophy of Religion (i860) did not appear until after his death. The Catholic theologian, Georg Hermes of Bonn (1775-1831) favored a Kantianism akin to that of Fries. The psychological view founded by Fries was con- sistently developed by Friedrich Eduard Beneke (1798- 1854). With the exception of three years of teaching in Gottingen, 1824-27, whither he had gone in consequence of a prohibition of his lectures called forth by his Foundation of the Physics of Ethics, 1822, he was a member of the uni- versity of his native city, Berlin, first as Decent, and, from