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 47° SCHELLINC'S CO-WORKERS. itself in the inheritance of dispositions and talents, just as the formation of milk in the breasts of the pregnant and the formation of lungs in the embryo betray a prevision of the future, — and points out that with the higher develop- ment of organic and spiritual life the antitheses constantly become more articulate : individual differences are greater among men than among women, among adults than among children, among Europeans than among negroes. 2. The Philosophers of Identity. It has been said of the Dane Johann Erich von Berger (1772-1833 ; from 1814 professor in Kiel ; Universal Outlines of Science^ 1817-27) that he adopted a middle course between Fichte and Schelling. The same may be asserted of Karl Ferdinand Solger (1780-1819; at his death pro- fessor in Berlin ; Erwi?i, Four Dialogues on Beauty and Art, 1815; Lectures on ^stheticSy edited by Heyse, 1829), who points out the womb of the beautiful in the fancy, and introduces into aesthetics the concept of irony, that spirit of sadness at the vanity of the finite, though this is needed by the Idea in order to its manifestation. In Johann Jacob Wagner* (1775-1841 ; professor in Wiirzburg) and in J. P. V. Troxlerf (1780-1866) we find, as in Steffens, a fourfold division instead of Schelling's triads. Both Wagner and Troxler find an exact corre- spondence between the laws of the universe and those of the human mind. Wagner (in conformity to the categories essence and form, opposition and reconciliation) makes all becoming and cognition advance from unity to quadruplic- ity, and finds the four stages of knowledge in repres- entation, perception, judgment, and Idea. Troxler shares with Fries the anthropological standpoint, (philosophy is anthropology, knowledge of the world is self-knowledge), and distinguishes, besides the emotional nature or the unity of human nature, four constituents thereof, spirit, higher Organon of Hiiinan Knowledge, 1830, in three parts, System of the World, of Knowledge, and of Language. On Wagner cf. L. Rabus, 1862. f Troxler : Glances into the Nature of Man, 1812 ; Metaphysics, 1828 ; Logic, 1830.
 * J. J. V^^&gntr: Ideal F hi lotophy, 1804; Mathematical Philosophy, i8rr ;