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 324 INDEX Private, abortive efforts of the Portu- guese to check, 158 Private, " pass system " ineffectual to check, 161 Private, the result of inadequate salaries, 162-163 Private, English forbidden by the charter of 1600 to indulge in, 231 Distinction between private and li- censed, 253 Trade-route, middle or Syrian, 1, 2-14, 31-32 Northern, or Black Sea, 1, 13-20, 32-35, 36-37 Southern, or Red Sea and Egyptian, 1, 20-33, 78, 124 Indo-Egyptian, 19-24, 29-33, 77-78, 124-127, 151-153, 167 Trade-routes, closing of the old Asiatic, 1-35 Struggle for the, 1, 5-34 Blocked by the Turks, 1, 19, 31-33, 202, 205, 207, 208 Power gained by command of, 2 Ancient, in the hands of Semitic races, 3-10, 29 Captured by Romans, 9-11 Captured by Saracens, 11-13 Captured by Turks, 13, 31-35 Early Chinese, 27-31 Trajan, 11 Treaties, Portuguese, with Cochin (1500), 86 Portuguese, with Quilon (1503), 90, (1520) 123 Portuguese, with Ormuz (1507), 100, (1523) 123 Portuguese, with Calicut (1513), 120, (1515, 1540) 121 Portuguese, with Amene (1560), 127 Portuguese, with Gujarat (1534), 128 A factor in European diplomacy, 131 Portuguese, with Tidore (1528), 171, 172 Treaty of Windsor (between England and Portugal, 1386), 40, (1489) 172, (1572) 204 Of Alcac.ora (between Spain end Por- tugal, 1479), 62 Of Tordesillas (between Spain and Portugal, 1494), 64, 65, 197 Policy of Portugal in Asia, 119-120 Of Vervins (1598), 225 Trebizond, 14, 18-19 Troy, fall of, 3 Turkish conquest of Egypt (1516-1517), 32-33, 97, 103, 109, 125-126 Struggle with Portugal for the com- mand of the Indian seas, 93, 97-98, 99, 139, 167 Struggle centres around Aden, 124-125 Turks (or Rumes) block the Eastern trade-routes in the fifteenth century, 1, 19, 31-34, 202, 205, 207, 208 Capture the Syrian route, 12, 13, 208 Invasion of Persia by the Seljuk (1038), 13 Under Chingiz Khan ravage Poland (1206), 13 Capture the Constantinople trade-route (1453), 19, 31, 33 Capture the Black Sea factories (1475), 19 Supremacy of the, in the Mediterra- nean, 31-34, 209 Fail at Rhodes, but conquer Otranto, 32 Crush the naval forces of Venice at Zonchio and Lepanto (1499), 32 Attacked by Portugal in European and Asiatic waters (1506-1507), 99 Albuquerque haunted by fear of the, 103, 115 Attack Diu (1545), Malacca (1547), and sack Muscat (1551, 1581), 110 Defeated at Lepanto (1571), 111 English trade with the, 205, 222 Tyre, ancient trade emporium, 2-5, 9 Eclipsed by Alexandria, 21 Varnish, origin of the name, 22 Varthema, Ludovico di, travels of, 38 Vasco da Gama, see Gama Vatteluttu alphabet, 80 Venice and the Syrian and Black Sea trade-routes, 12, 16-19, 37, 167, 208 Trade of, in Alexandria, 30 Ruins Genoa's sea power, 31 Makes peace with the Turks (1454), 31 Struggles of, with the Moors and Turks, 31-32, 34, 199 Establishes her Levant trade centre at Famagusta (1475), 33 Decline of, 34-35 Pilots of, in Portugal, 44 Coalition of, with the Turks against Portugal to protect her Indian trade, 95, 167-168 Offers to buy up all surplus Portu- guese spices (1521), 168 Secret commerce of, 199 Trade of, with England (1507), 203, 208-209 Verazzani, explores for France (1524), 194 Verde, Cape, islands, Portuguese explora- tion and trade with (1460), 51