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 322 INDEX Scheldt river, opening up of, and trade on, 202, 203 Schutz, German assayer, 185 Scolus, John, Danish pilot, reaches Labrador (1476), 173 Scotland, position of, in the fourteenth century, 40 Semitic races, Syrian trade in the hands of, 3-10 Ousted by the Turks, 33 Senegal River mistaken by Portuguese for the Nile (1454), 59 Senegambia, early Portuguese trade with (1455-1456), 51 Sequeira, Diogo Lopes de, expedition of, to Madagascar and Malacca (1508) and establishment of Portuguese trade with Malacca, 106 Sesostris (Ramses II), 20 Seville, Magellan sails from (1519), 169 Robert Thorne dwells in. 176 Shakespeare, quoted, 228 Ships, development of, and maritime discovery, 50-73, 145, 199-201 Sicily under Spanish control, 209 Sidney, Sir Philip, 148, 184 Sidon, trade emporium, 2 Sighelmus of Sherbpurne, mythical mis- sion of, from King Alfred to shrine of St. Thomas, near Madras, 211-212 Silver supplied by America to Spain, drained by the East India trade, 170 English exportation of, 232, 237, 244, 246, 248 " Sinbad the Sailor " a romance of early Arab trade, 29-30 Sixtus IV, Pope, Bull of, confirming trade privileges to Portugal (1481), quoted, 65 Slaves, introduced into Portugal, 55-56, 144, 164 Extensive use of, in Portuguese India, as servants, soldiers, etc., 136, 141, 144 Christian, in Turkey, 227 Smythe, Sir Thomas, a founder of the Levant Company, 222, 229 First governor of the East India Com- pany (1600), 231 Soarez de Albergaria, Lopo, expedition of, to India (1504) and policy of de- struction toward Arab ports, 91, 92, 140 Socotra, derivation of the name, 27 Albuquerque takes (1507), destroys Moslems, baptizes the Nestorian Christians into the Catholic Church and erects a fortress, 99-101 Franciscan monastery built by Albu- querque at, 100 Sodr6, Vincente, cruelties of, and hostil- ity against the Arabs, 89-90 Sofala, shown on the map of 1457-1459, 59, 60-61 Passes under Portuguese control (1505), 148 Soldaia (Sudak), port and trade empo- rium, 17-18, 30 Greeks, Venetians, and Genoese tra- ders at, 17-18 Solomon commands the Syrian trade- route to the East, 6-10 Legendary commerce of, with Malabar, 79-80 Solyman the Magnificent takes Aden (1538) and gains command of the Arabian coast, 125-126 Somaliland, early trade of, 4 Southampton, Venetian ship lost off, 209 Spain, Moorish possessions in, 32 Expulsion of Jews and Moors from (1492, 1502), 32 Quest of, for a western route to India leads to the discovery of America, 61-67, 168-169, 173-174, 176, 177 Union of, with Portugal (1580), 144, 170, 172 Struggle of, with the Dutch, and col- lapse of Spanish-Portuguese power in the East, 161, 198, 205-206, 218 Struggle of, with Portugal, in the Eastern seas, 170-171 Indifference of, to English exploration (1496), 174 English exploration leads to rupture with, 187, 189, 191-192 Effect of union of, with Portugal on English exploration and policy, 189-192, 205 Elizabeth's vacillating policy toward, 197, 225-226, 237 Struggle of, with England in Europe, 205, 209, 221, 227, 236 Struggle of, with England in the East, 206, 214, 226-227 English trade in the Mediterranean menaced by, 209, 221 Spanish quest for a western route to India and discovery of America, 61- 67, 169-170, 176, 177 Destruction of the, Armada in 1588, opens out the southern trade-routes to India, 192, 197, 205, 209-210 Command of the Mediterranean trade, 209, 221 Spice, ancient trade in, 8 Early Portuguese trade in, 83, 86, 92, 106