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 INDEX 317 Trade organizations, City Companies, Lloyd's, and Stock Exchange the representatives of mediaeval, 236, 256 Louis IX (St.), 36 Lubeck, one of the Hanseatic League, 34 M Macao, in China, Spanish-Portuguese right to, 226 Mace, one of the precious spices of the Eastern Archipelago as distin- guished from the cheaper spices of the Malabar coast, 126 Portuguese trade in, 151 Machado, Diogo Barbosa, quoted, 103, 104, 115 Madagascar (Island of the Moon), Covil- ham's notice of, 60-61 Portuguese expedition to (sixteenth century), 106 Madeira, early discovery of (1344), 50-51 Albuquerque demands miners from, 104 " Madre de Deos," Portuguese ship cap- tured by the English (1592), 207, 227 Magellan, Southwestern expedition of, to India and round the world (1519- 1522), 169-170 Discovers the straits to which he gives his name, 169 Magellan, Straits of, 169, 173, 189, 190, 192, 213, 219, 231 Mahmud, Sultan of Gujarat, sends fleet, which is defeated, against Christians at Chand, 291-292 Malabar, port of Indo- Egyptian trade- route, early trade of, 23, 24, 77-78 Origin and extent of chiefdoms of, 75- 77 Religious toleration in, 77-79 Malacca, straits and ancient trade em- porium, 29, 78, 106 Portuguese factory at (1508), 106 Albuquerque's conquest of (1511), 106-107, 120 Turks attack (1547), 109-110 Garrison of, (1530) 163, (1567) 142 Revenues of, 153-154, 157 English reach (1591), 193, 212 Malayalam alphabet, 80 Malik Khan (Mealecao), Portuguese con- tract with (1555), 128 Manila, Spanish- Portuguese right to, 226 Mansfield, Lord, 116 Mansur Ghori, Sultan of Egypt, sends fleet, which is defeated, against Christians assembled at Chand, 291- 292 Map, new, with the Augmentation of the Indies (1600), 228 Mappillas (Moplahs), old term for both Mussulmans and Christians in Mala- bar, 199 Marine surveying in Asia, commence- ment of, 146-147 Marinus of Tyre, 48 Maritime discovery, made possible by the progress of nautical science, 50- 73, 145, 199-201 Marmagao, 135 Marseilles, mediaeval Eastern trade of, 168 Mary, Queen of England, English trade and explorations under, 181-182, 220, 236 Matricola, the Register of Portuguese possessions in the East Indies, cap- tured by the English (1592), 227 Maximilian, Emperor of Austria, ven- geance of, on Bruges for its revolts, 202 Mecca, Cabot visits, 175 Europeans grant passes for ships to, 270-272 Medicean map (Lauren tian portulan), 49, 199 Mediterranean, early commerce on the, 1, 3, 10, 12, 13, 199 Struggle for, and Turkish control of the, 31-35 Charts of the, 47, 199-201 Early fleets on the, 52-53 Trade to India, by way of the (sixteenth century), 92-93, 168-169 English trade in the, 167, 204, 209, 221, 222 Spanish command of the, 209, 221 Medway, Dutch sail up, 215 Melinde, in Africa, Portuguese control of, 94 Mercator, Gerard, geographer, 200 Merchants of the Staple, 236 Mesopotamia, ancient trade-route, by way of, 2 Mete (" Island of the Dead "), Portu- guese cruelties at (1535), 118 Milan, Spanish control of the duchy of, 209 Mildenhall (or Midnall), John, commercial mission of, to India (1599), 222 Missionaries, Christian, at court of Ak- bar, 269-270 Moghul Empire not established when Portuguese landed in India (1498), 74, 83 Effect of its establishment and its de-