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 312 INDEX olic monopoly, strengthened by union of Spain and Portugal, one of the causes leading to the forma- tion of the, 205-206, 221 Linschoten's and Fitch's travels and Dutch expeditions one of the causes leading to the formation of the, 210- 215 Influence of the Levant company on the formation of the, 222-225 Attempts to procure charter for, in 1599, 216-229 Capital of (1599), 225; (1600) 229- 230 Proceedings of, in 1600, 229-231 Constituted by Elizabeth's charter of Dec. 31, 1600, 230-231 Powers and privileges of, 230-233 Actual working of, as a " Regulated " Company, 235-247, 251-254, 255-258 Waymouth's Northwestern Expedi- tion under auspices of the, 248, 251- 252 Pietism of the, and family life of its factors hi the East, 252-256 Three periods of the, from 1600 to 1661, 256-258 Company, English Muscovy or Russian, formation and character of the (1554), 181, 247 Trade of, 168, 197-198, 216, 220-222, 234, 235 Northeastern Expedition of (1580), 188 Eastern trade of, through Russia to Persia, 197, 214, 220-221, 236 Company, English Turkey or Levant, charter of 1581, 205, 222 Extended charter of 1593 of the, 205, 212, 214, 221 East India Company an outgrowth of the, 222, 225 Founders of the, 222-231 Difficulties of Mediterranean trade of the, 235 Rivalry of the, with the East India Company, 247 Compass, mariners', early forms of, 53 Congo, Portuguese discovery of the (1484), 56 Constantinople captured by Crusaders, 13 Mediaeval trade with, 16-19 Taken by the Turks, 19, 31, 33 Expulsion of Venetians from, 31 Coptos, 22 Corsairs, rise of the Barbary, as a polit- ical factor (1492), 31-32 Admirals, the great (1504). 32 All Europeans except the Portuguese coming within the line, branded as, by Saragossa Convention, 171 Barbary, bought off by the Levant Corporation, 221 Cosmas Indicopleustes, quoted, 24, 25, 37, 78 Coutinho, Dbm Fernao de (1509), 102 Covilham, Pedro de (1487), 60-61, 67 Explores overland, 60-61 Cranganore (Kodungalur), ancient capi- tal of Chera, 78 Early Roman trade and temple at, 78 Destroyed by the Portuguese (1504), 91 Portuguese governorship of, given as a dowry, 165 Christians established at, in 943 A. H. (1536 A. D.), 294 Crimea, mediaeval trade with, 16-18 Cromwell, Oliver, disregards the Papal Bull of 1493, 197, 227 Crusades, influence of, on Syrian trade- route, 12, 30, 36 Influence of, on the Mussulmans, 81 Cuba mistaken by Columbus for Japan (1492), 62, 174 Cumberland, Earl of, sells Mare Scurge or Red Dragon to the East India Company (1600), 229 Cunha, Nuno da, governor of Portu- guese India, cruelty of, to the na- tives at Mete, 118 Levies a fine on Ormuz, 123-124 Expedition of, against Aden (1530), 141 Cunha, Tristao da, commands the Portu- guese expedition to India (1506), 99 Curiate, see Kuriyat Cyrus river trade-route, 14 Da Gama, see Gama D'Ailly, see Ailly, D' Daman taken by the Portuguese, 132 Shipbuilding at, 145 Damascus, trade emporium, 2, 5, 6, 9 Danish northern exploration (1476), 173 Darius, nephew of, African voyage of, 48 Dartford, 187 David, King, conquests and trade policy of, 5, 6 Davis (Davies), John, voyages of, to dis- cover the Northwest Passage (1585-1587), 190-191 Sails with Houtman to India (1598), 213 Straits, 248 Deccan,the, comes into the possession of the Kings of Delhi, 287