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 APPENDIX II CHRONOLOGY OF THE INDIAN CAMPAIGN OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT FROM MAY, 327, TO MAY, 324 B. c. DATE B. C. 327 Early in May June. . . August. . September. November. . December. . 326 January. . . February. . March. . . April .... May .... Beginning of July July .... August. . . September. . Sept.-October. End of October 325 January. . . Till September Beginning of October End of October The Advance. Passage of Hindu Kush mountains over the Ehawak and Kaoshan passes. From Nikaia (Jalalabad), Alexander with picked force pro- ceeds to the subjugation of the mountains; Hephaistion with rest of army advancing to the Indus through the valley of the Kabul River. Capture of stronghold of Astes (Hasti) by Hephaistion after thirty days' siege. Alexander subdivides his force, advancing in person against the Aspasians ; he crosses the Gouraios (Panjkora) River, captures Massaga of the Assakenians (probably Manglaur on Suwat River), and massacres 7,000 Indian mercenaries. Siege of Aornos (Mali ab an). Capture of Aornos (Mahaban). Arrival of Alexander at bridge-head at Ohind. Halt of army for thirty days. Passage of Indus " in beginning of spring ; " halt at Taxila. Advance eastward. Arrival at the Hydaspes (Jihlam) River. Battle of the Hydaspes ; defeat of Poros. Foundation of Nikaia and Boukephala ; passage of the Ake- sines (Chinab) River near the foot of the hills. Passage of the Hydraotes (Ravi) River, and conflict with the Kathaeans. Arrival at the Hyphasis (Bias) River; refusal of army to proceed farther. The Retreat. Retirement to the Hydaspes (Jihlam) River. Commencement of voyage down the rivers, and of march of army escorting the fleet. Collapse of the Mallian power. Voyage continued, fighting with the Sogdoi, Sambos, Mousi- kanos, etc. Departure of Alexander to march through Gedrosia. Nearchos starts on voyage to the Persian Gulf. 396