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 KLERUCHIES REVIVED. 297 eventual reentry. 1 That moment had now arrived. The formal renunciation of all private appropriations of land out of Attica, which Athens had proclaimed at the formation of her second con- federacy in 378 B. c., as a means of conciliating maritime allies was forgotten, now that she stood no longer in fear of Sparta. The same system of kleruchies, which had so much discredited her former empire, was again partially commenced. Many kle- ruchs, or lot-holders, were sent out to occupy lands both at Samos and in the Chersonese. These men were Athenian citizens, who still remained citizens of Athens even in their foreign domicile, and whose properties formed part of the taxable schedule of Athens. The particulars of this important measure are unknown to us. At Samos the emigrants must have been new men ; for there had never been any kleruchs there before. 2 But i:i the Chersonese, the old Athenian proprietors, who had been expro- priated forty years before (or their descendants), doubtless now went back, and tried, with more or less of success, to regain their 1 See Andokides de Pace, s. 15. 2 That the Athenian occupation of Samos (doubtless only in part) by kleruchs, began in 366 or 365 B. c., is established by Diodorus, xviii, 8-18, when he mentions the restoration of the Samians forty-three years after- wards by the Macedonian Perdikkas. This is not inconsistent with the fact that additional detachments of kleruchs were sent out in 361 and in 352 B. c., as mentioned by the Scholiast on ^Eschincs cont. Timarch. p. 31 c. 12 ; and by Philochorus, Fr. 131, ed. Didot. See the note of Wesseling, who questions the accuracy of the date in Diodorus. I dissent from his criticism, though he is supported both by Boeckh (Public Econ. of Athens, b. iii, p. 428) and by Mr. Clinton (F. H. ad ann. 352). I think it highly improbable that so long an interval should have elapsed between the cap- ture of the island and the sending of the kleruchs, or that this latter mea- sure, offensive as it was in the eyes of Greece, should have been first re- sorted to by Athens in 352 B. c., when she had been so much weakened both by the Social War, and by the Progress of Philip. Strabo mentions two thousand kleruchs as having been sent to Samos. But whether h6 means the first batch alone, or altogether, we cannot say ( Strabo xiv, p. 638). The father of the philosopher Epikurus was among these kleruchs ; compare Diogen. Laert. x, 1. Rehdantz (Vitae Iphicratis, Chabrise et Timothei, p. 127) seems tome to take a just view of the very difficult chronology of this period. Demosthenes mentions the property of the kleruchs, in his general review of the ways and means of Athens ; in a speech delivered in Olym. 106, b fore 352 B.C. (De Symmoriis, p. 182, s. 19). 13*