Page:History of Greece Vol VIII.djvu/19

 CONTENTS. xiH between 480 B.C. and 405 B.C. Prodikus The choice of Hercules. Protagoras real estimate exhibited of him by Plato. Hippias of Elis how he is represented by Plato. Gorgias, Polus, and Kallikles. Doctrine advanced by Polus. Doctrine advanced by Kallikles anti- social. Kallikles is not a sophist. The doctrine put into his mouth could never have been laid down in any public lecture among the Athe- nians. Doctrine of Thrasymachus in the " Republic " of Plato. Such doctrine not common to all the sophists what is offensive in it is. the manner in which it is put forward. Opinion of Thrasymachus after- wards brought out by Glaukon with less brutality, and much greater force of reason. Plato against the sophists generally. His category of accusation comprehends all society, with all the poets and statesmen. It is unjust to try either the sophists or the statesmen of Athens, by tho standard of Plato. Plato distinctly denies that Athenian corruption was to be imputed to the sophists. The sophists were not teachers of mere words, apart from action. General good effect of their teaching upon the youth. Great reputation of the sophists evidence of respect for intellect and of a good state of public sentiment 317-399 CHAPTER LXVIII. SOKRATES. Different spirit shown towards SokratCs and towards the sophists. Birth and family of Sokrates. His physical and moral qualities. Xenophon and Plato as witnesses. Their pictures of Sokrates are in the main accordant. Habits of Sokrates. Leading peculiarities of Sokrate's. His constant publicity of life and indiscriminate conversation. Reason why Sokrates was shown up by Aristophanes on the stage. His per- suasion of a special religious mission. His daemon, or genius other inspirations. Oracle from Delphi declaring that no man was wiser than he. His mission to test the false conceit of wisdom in others. Con- fluence of the religious motive with tho inquisitive and intellectual impulse in his mind numerous enemies whom ho made. Sokrates a religious missionary, doing the work of philosophy. Intellectual pecu- liarities of Sokrates. Ho opened ethics as a new subject of scientific discussion. Circumstances which turned the mind of Sokrates towards ethical speculations. Limits of scientific study as laid down by Sokrates. He confines study to human affairs, as distinguished from divine to man and society. Importance of the innovation multitude of new and accessible phenomena brought under discussion. Innovations of Sokrates as to method dialectic method inductive discourses definitions. Commencement of analytical consciousness of the mental operations genera and species. Sokrates compared with previous philosophers. Great step made by Sokrates in laying the foundation of formal logic, afterwards expanded" by Plato, and systematized by Aris- totle. Dialectical process employed by Sokrates essential connection between method and subject. Essential connection alsc between tho dialectic process and the logical distribution of subject-matter one in many and many in one. Persuasion of religious mission in Sokrates, prompting him to extend his colloquial cross-examination to noted men. His cross-examining purpose was not confined to noted men, but of