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381 PELOPONNESIAN FLEET. 381 On ne other hand, the Athenian blockading fleet was surprised rind d> feated, with the loss of four triremes, by the Peloponnesian nians established a democratical government, he next says that the Samian exiles presently came over with a mercenary force) not -xpuTov /J.EV T^> drjui.) eir av EOTTI aav, teal tKpuTqaav rdjv Trfaiaruv, etc. Again, v, 23 about the apprehended insurrection of the Helots against the Spartans v 6e TJ doiifaia e-xaviaTijT at: compare Xenoph. Hellen. v, 4. 19; Plato, Republ. iv, 18, p. 444; Herodot. iii, 39-120. So also dvvarol is among the words which Thucydides uses for an oligarchical party, cither in government or in what may be called opposition (i, 24 ; v, 4). But it is not conceivable to me that Thucydides would have employed the words ?/ f.rravuaTaaig i'Tro TOV 6^/j.ov roif dvvaroif if the Demos had at that time been actually in the government. Again, viii, 63, he says, that the Athenian oligarchical party under Pei- sander avruv ruv Safiiuv TTpovrphpavTO TOV 6vva.Tov wore Tretpua&ai (iera a$uv dliyapxndTjvai, Kalirep ? irai> a a TUV T ag avroijf uA7i?/?^oif Iva (iri b^iyapx^vrai. Here the motive of the previous eTravaaraate is clearly noted ; it was in order that they might not be under an oligarchical yovemment : for I agree with Kriiger (in opposition to Dr. Thirlwall), that this is the clear meaning of the words, and that the use of the present tense prevents our construing it, " in order that their democratical goA r ernmePt might not be subverted, and an oligarchy put upon them," which ought to be the sense, if Dr. Thirlwall's view were just. Lastly, vii, 73, we have ol yap TOTE TUV S a fiiuv kit avaar uv T ef roZf Svvaroli; nal ovTef firjftof. ft crap ahhofievoi av&ic /- CVOVTO TE f TpiaKO<jioV gwUfJ-OTal, KO.I 1'fJ.E^OV T0l U/lAOtf (if 6i] /J.(J 6v Tl Surely these words ol eTravaaruvTef Tolf dvvaroif nal crf those who having risen in arms against the wealthy and poww ftil, were now a demos, or a democracy," must imply, tJiat the persons against whom the rising had taken place had been a governing oligarchy. Surely, also, the words juera/Sa/l/lo^evoi av&tc, can mean nothing else except to point out the strange antithesis between the conduct of these same men at two differ- ent epochs not far distant from each other. On the first occasion, they roso up against an established oligarchical government, and constituted a dem- ocratical government. On the second occasion, they rose up in conspiracy against this very democratical government, in order to subvert it, and con- stitute themselves an oligarchy in its place. If we suppose that on the first occasion, the established government was already democratical, and that the persons here mentioned were not conspirators against an estab- lished oligarchy, but merely persons making use of the powers of a dem- ocratical government to do violence to rich citizens, all this antithesis com- pletely vanishes. On the whole, I fed satisfied that the government of Samos, at the time Chios revolted from Athens, was oligai hical, like that of Chios itself.