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 HIPPO. -ANAXLMAXDKR. 885 and causes of changeful manifestation, attached to the primeval substance : l the universe being assimilated to an organized body or system. Respecting Hippo, who reproduced the theory of Thales under a more generalized form of expression, substituting, in place of water, moisture, or something common to air and water, 2 we do not know whether he belonged to the sixth or the fifth century B.C. But Anaximander, Xenophanes, and Pherekydes belong to the latter half of the sixth century. Anaximander, the son of Praxiades, was a native of Miletus, Xenophanes, a native of Kolophon ; the former, among the earliest expositors of doctrine in prose, 3 while the latter com- mitted his opinions to the old medium of verse. Anaximander seems to have taken up the philosophical problem, while he materially altered the hypothesis of his predecessor Thales. Instead of the primeval fluid of the latter, he supposed a primeval principle, without any actual determining qualities whatever, but including all qualities potentially, and manifesting them in an infinite variety from its continually self-changing nature, a principle, which was nothing in itself, yet had the capacity of producing any and all manifestations, however con- trary to each other, 4 a primeval something, whose essence 1 Aristotel. De Animd, i, 2-5; Cicero, DC Legg. ii, 11 ; Diogen. Laert. 1,24. 2 Aristotel. De AnimS, i, 2 ; Alexander Aphrodis. in Aristotel. Metaphys. 1,3. 3 Apollodorus, in the second century B.C., had before him some brief ex- pository treatises of Anaximander (Diogen. Laert. ii, 2) : Uepl Qvaeuf, r^f Hepioduv, Hfpi TUV 'A7T/lavwi> /cat S^aipav /cat u/l/la riva. Suidas, v, 'Ava!-ifiavdpoG. Themistius. Orat. xxv, p. 317: Edupprjoe Trpwrof uv lapev 'EA/l^i>wi> hoyov t^eveyKelv irepl $vaeu avyyeypaupevov. Rom. Philos. ch. xxxv, p. 133 : "Anaximander hoc quod immensum est, omnium initium subjecit, seminaliter habens in semetipso omnium genesin, ex quo immensos inundos constare ait." Aristotel. Physic. Auscult. iii, 4, p. 203, Bek. ovrt yap [lurriv avrb olov re elvai (rb uTreipov), ovre u^rjv vTTupxeiv avru 6iivafj.iv, IT^T/V o> apxr/v. Aristotle subjects this uTreipov to an elaborate discussion, in which he says very little more about Anaximan- ier, who appears to have assumed it without anticipating discussion or tbjections. Whether Anaximander called his uireipov divine, or god, a VOL. iv. 17 2ooc.
 * Irenajus, ii, 19, (14) ap. Brandis, Handbuch der Geschichte der Griech.