Page:History of Greece Vol IV.djvu/17

 CONTENTS. 3d tore that invited the Persians to Athens after the battle false imputation on the Alkmaeonids. Supernatural belief connected with the battle commemorations of it. Return of Datis to Asia fate of the Eretrian captives. Glory of Miltiades his subsequent conduct unsuccessful expedition against Paros bad hurt of Miltiades. Disgrace of Miltia- des on his return. He is fined dies of his wound the fine is paid by his son Kimon. Reflections on the closing adventures of the life of Miltiades. Fickleness and ingratitude imputed to the Athenians how far they deserve the charge. Usual temper of the Athenian dikasts in estimating previous services. Tendency of eminent Greeks to be cor- rupted by success. In what sense it is apparently true that fickleness was an attribute of the Athenian democracy 31 1-378 CHAPTER XXXVII. 1OXIC PHILOSOPHERS. PYTHAGORAS. KROTON" AXD STBAR1S. Phalaris despot of Agrigcntum. Thales. Ionic philosophers not a school or succession. Step in philosophy commenced by Thales. Vast problems with scanty means of solution. One cause of the vein of skepticism which runs through Grecian philosophy. Thales pri- meval element of water, or the fluid. Anaximander. Problem of the One and the Many the Permanent and the Variable. Xenophanes his doctrine the opposite of that of Anaximander. The Eleatic school. Parmenides and Zeno. springing from Xenophanes their dialectics their great influence on Grecian speculation. Pherekydes. History of Pythagoras. His character and doctrines. Pythagoras more a missionary and schoolmaster than a politician his political efficiency exaggerated by later witnesses. His ethical training probably not applied to all the members of his order. Decline and subsequent reno- vation of the Pythagorean order. Pythagoras not merely a borrower, but an original and ascendent mind. He passes from Samos to Kroton. State of Kroton oligarchical government excellent gymnastic training and medical skill. Rapid and wonderful effects said to have been produced by the exhortations of Pythagoras. He forms a power- ful club, or society, consisting of three hundred men taken from the wealthy classes at Kroton. Political influence of Pythagoras was an indirect result of the constitution of the order. Causes which led to the subversion of the Pythagorean order. Violences which accompanied its subversion. The Pythagorean order is reduced to a religious and philosophical sect, in which character it continues. War between Syb- aris and Kroton. Defeat of tho Sybarites, and destruction of their city, partly through the aid of the Spartan prince Doriens. Sensation excited in the Hellenic world by the destruction of Sybaris. Gradual decline of the Greek power in Italy. Contradictory statements and ar guments respecting the presence of Dorieus. Herodotus does not men tion the Pythagoreans, when he alludes to the war between Sybaris and Kroton. Cha^ondas, lawgiver of Katana, Naxos, Zankle Rheg-ium, etc., 378-4n