Page:History of Early Iran.pdf/48

32 Mountaineers do not, however, yield up their freedom without a struggle. The Zagros highlanders, grown hardy from attempting to eke out an existence in the scarped mountains, might be expected to revolt more than once against foreign domination. This actually happened at the death of Manishtusu. Their attempt to break away from or to avoid subservience to the new ruler, Naram-Sin, had its ramifications in the nearby lowlands of Babylonia, where Kazallu, Timtab, and Awak rebelled. Being nearer to Agade, this location. In recent years, however, students of Elamite have protested against this opinion and have suggested that the Karkhah River valley northwest of Susa may have been the center of the land and that the city Anshan itself may lie beneath the ruins near Derre-i-Shahr in the Saimarreh plain; cf. G. Hüsing in Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, LX (1930), 263; F. Bork in M. Ebert, Reallexikon der Vorgeschichte, III, 72 (s.v. "Elam. B. Sprache"); F. W. König in Reallexikon der Assyriologie, s.v. "Anšan," and again in Geschichte Elams, p. 6. Unfortunately, the Elamite texts themselves give but little light on the question.

New data on the origin of the Achaemenian empire enable us to avoid some of the earlier difficulties. It is now clear that Anshan was the Elamite name of a city and district near Parsumash. The latter land, according to Assyrian letters and texts, lay northeast of Elam proper; over it the Iranian Chishpish or Teispes ruled about 675 When the neo-Elamite kingdom ceased to lay claim to Anshan, it had good reason for so doing; Teispes, now king in Anshan, had already begun true Iranian expansion. At his death Ariaramnes, one of his two sons, ruled the district which included the later city Pasargadae and which was properly known as Parsa. The second son, Kurash or Cyrus I, inherited the original domain Parsumash, of which the chief city, after the absorption of the land Anshan, was the city Anshan itself. Thus Cyrus II, or Cyrus the Great, as a descendant of the latter line, spoke correctly when he proclaimed himself and his progenitors "kings of the city Anshan." These facts are dealt with more fully on pp. 179 f. and 212 f. They are treated here only for the purpose of assisting us to locate the land Anshan.