Page:History of Art in Phrygia, Lydia, Caria and Lycia.djvu/171

 MILITARY ARCHITECTURE. 155 Greece, where, as a rule, they were dedicated to Pan and the nymphs. We should also be inclined to consider the smaller artificial grotto contiguous to the Midas tomb (Fig. 48) in the light of a chapel, or shrine, in which traditional rites were performed in honour of the ancestral god, to whose memory was consecrated the imposing fagade bearing his name and titles. Indeed, the whole district we have just gone through is brimful of similar rock-cuttings, which like dark patches dot the face of the rock along the roadside. Here offerings were deposited, according to the locality, either to ancestral gods, manes, or national deities. The Phrygian workman was not content with chiselling the image of his gods in the solid rock, cutting altars, excavating sanctuaries and grave-chambers in which the bodies were laid ; he likewise provided places of refuge for the rural population who, along with their live stock, lived in straggling homesteads in the clear portions of the forest. Fastnesses were needed, and everywhere the relief of the soil offered capital defensive positions. The more gentle slopes were turned into perpendicular walls, and rendered inaccessible by engineering ; stairways, parapets, fortified posts, everything was obtained from the stony mass, which, with the stone-cutter, became as soft as clay in the potter's hand. MILITARY ARCHITECTURE. There are numerous hillocks in this district to which the natives give the name of Kaleh (fortress). In fact, on the sites thus denominated rise Gheugheuz Kaleh, Doghanlou Kaleh (in map), Tshukurja Kaleh (14 in map), Aktshe Kaleh, and many more; each and all exhibiting traces of the hand of man, and of his having been stationed here. 1 Of these (the castle of Pishmish Kaleh, Burnt Fortress) may be taken as type of the class (Fig. ioo). 2 It occupies the summit of a rectangular mass, terminating in a kind of table upheld by almost perpendicular rocks (Fig. 112). The lower belt of the hill is covered with vegetation, but above it the sides are so rugged and precipitous as to require a long detour to reach the top. At first, the rock, with its grades almost up to the summit, 1 Aktshe Kaleh (Silver Fortress) is not marked on Ramsay's map. From my notes, it should be to the northward of Pishmish Kaleh, a little way beyond it. 2 PERROT and GUILLAUME, Explor., pp. 145, 169, 170.