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other places. After each performance at San Francisco theaters copies of The Dramatic Chronicle were gathered from the floors and elsewhere, smoothed out by an old-fashioned kitchen iron, and then sent to points outside the city. In this way the paper became a very valuable advertising medium. Enterprising from the start, The Chronicle reached an important prestige during the Modoc War when it distanced all other San Francisco dailies in publishing the news. The distinctly dramatic character of the paper was abandoned on September 1, 1878, when it became a regular daily newspaper. Shortly after the paper was started, M. H. de Young joined his brother in the editorship and man- agement of The Dramatic Chronicle.

OTHER NEWSPAPER CHANGES

In Cleveland William W. Armstrong, a prominent newspaper- man, assumed charge of The Plaindealer which J. W. and A. N. Gray, two school-teachers, had founded in 1841 upon the re- mains of The Cleveland Advertiser, a Democratic daily started in 1832. In Columbus The Ohio State Journal, with which Wil- liam Dean Howells had been actively connected as a sub-editor, became one of the most important Republican organs of the State; the paper had been started in 1811 in the little village of Worthington as The Western Intelligencer by James Kil- bourne, but in 1814, in moving to Columbus, it added Gazette to its name and in 1825 it took into partnership State Printer Nashee, of Chillicothe, famous in Ohio journalism, who insisted that Ohio State Journal be put first in the title. In De- troit, The Evening News, started in August, 1873, by James E. Scripps and sold on the streets at two cents a copy, became a rival of The Free Press and The Detroit Tribune. In Milwaukee The Sentinel, established on June 27, 1837, and The Evening Wis- consin, established on June 8, 1847, became leaders of Wisconsin journalism. In St. Louis The Republic, which changed its name from The Republican because its editor, Charles H. Jones, found it impossible to convince his friends that he was running a Democratic and not a Republican newspaper, became, under the editorship of William Hyde, a paper with no straddling or wab- bling editorial policies. In Pittsburgh The Gazette acquired in