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 the super-

stitions of the negro. Some method of restraining the negro was undoubtedly necessary, but no excuse existed for the severities which the Ku-Klux Klan later adopted in other States. In fact, its extreme violence was deprecated even in the South. The or- ganization had its special organs which wielded at one time much influence. Of these, The Independent Monitor at Tuska- loosa, Alabama, was a typical illustration.

NEW PAPERS AND OTHERS

During the period of the Reconstruction, many of the papers of the South, which had suspended on account of the war, were revived. In addition, many other papers were born both in the North and South. Lack of space no editorial fib permits only the briefest mention of some of the more important. In Nashville The Republican Banner resumed publication on Sep- tember 27, 1865, and was followed by The Union and American on December 5, 1865. The following year the latter absorbed The Dispatch, a paper born during the war, and in the beginning used the type of the old Republican Banner. Subscribers to each of these revived papers received from carriers on September 1, 1875, a united sheet called The American a most appropriate title for the new era dawning in the South. Under this title it continued publication until September 26, 1910, when it absorbed The Nashville Tennessean. The Courier of Louisville, Kentucky, which had died at Nashville in the winter of 1861-62, was revived at its old home by its founder and owner, Walter N. Haldeman. In Charleston, South Carolina, several papers ap- peared to divide the field with The Courier. Among these were The Charleston Daily News, started on August 14, 1865; The Jour- nal of Commerce, edited by Colonel R. B. Rhett, Jr., formerly the editor of The Charleston Mercury and later editor of The New Orleans Picayune; The Sun; The World; The Budget; The Evening Post; The Charleston Review, etc. In New Orleans, The Times, which had started on September 20, 1863, united on December 4, 1881, with The Democrat which had started on December 18, 1875. The first of these two papers had been the leading force in the settlement of the political differences of the period and in reporting the revival of the progress in Louisiana.