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ten-cylinder rotary presses. The Lords of the Privy Council, extending the patent of this press, spoke of it as one of "the greatest steps ever made in the printing art."

LOSS OF CUTS IN ADVERTISEMENTS

When Hoe took the type from a flat bed and put it on a re- volving cylinder, he changed completely the appearance of the advertising columns. Making the type secure in the column- wide " turtles" which curved around the cylinder had presented mechanical difficulties which were overcome. To make large cuts adhere to the cylinder during revolution was so intricate that publishers of newspapers charged prohibitive prices for such advertising. Advertisements wider than one column necessitated the breaking of the rule and when this was done an extra charge was made. The use of large type was discour- aged the same as that of cuts. Advertisers, however, were allowed to use large letters made up of smaller letters of the regular type. The letters were of course identical save for the size: the large "A" consisted only of smaller "A's"; the large "B" only of smaller " B's," etc. So common did this practice become that even after forms were stereotyped and solid letters of any size could be used, manufacturers of type continued to cast the "logotypes." With the practical abolition of cuts and heavy block-face type the newspapers became much neater in typo- graphical appearance. Occasionally advertisers using space wider than a column would allow the rules to show rather than to pay the extra charge much to the annoyance of readers. Adver- tising copy received late was frequently set up in this way.

SLAVERY DISCUSSION STARTED

Editorial discussion of slavery first began to appear during the Administration of Andrew Jackson, but most papers, even in the North, were inclined to leave the matter alone until dis- cussion of some compromise at Washington brought the matter before the people. Attention has already been called to the fact that newspapers like The New York Times were not disposed to interfere with the peculiar institutions of other States. The few abolition journals which appeared attracted little attention