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resumed charge of his old New-York Gazette with the issue of November 11, Number 1307. How Gaine made his peace with the British authorities was never told. He did, however, re- main loyal to the Crown until the end of the war. For this change to the Royalist cause, Philip Freneau the poet of the Revolution, hurled a scorching poem at Gaine. But Gaine was never trusted by the Royalists, for they appointed James Riv- ington "Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty," and made Rivington's New-York Loyal Gazette, started after the office of The Gazetteer had been wrecked, the official paper. They even prevented Gaine from printing in his sheet the more important items of news. After the evacuation of New York, by the British, Gaine suspended his Gazette on November 10, 1783, crossed out the word "Crown" in his imprint, "Bible and Crown," and confined himself principally to the printing and selling of books.

EXTRAMURAL PUBLICATIONS

During the War of the Revolution, whenever the British suc- ceeded in occupying a strategic city there was nothing left for the patriotic printer to do but to suspend publication or take his newspaper elsewhere. John Holt, the publisher of The New York Journal, for example, was forced to remove his paper to King- ston when New York fell into the hands of the British. His first issue of The Journal, with the Kingston date-line was July 7, 1777. In making its bow to Kingston, The Journal said:

After remaining, for ten months past, overwhelmed and sunk, in a sea of tyrannic violence and rapine, The New York Journal, just emerg- ing from the waves, faintly rears its languid head, to hail its former friends and supporters, to assure them that unchanged in its spirit and prin- ciples, the utmost exertions of its influence, as heretofore, will ever be applied, vith a sacred regard to the defence and support of American rights and freedom, the advancement of true religion and virtue and the happiness of mankind.

Holt found it necessary to make another change. After he had brought <-ut an issue on October 13, 1777, Kingston was burned by the British three days later, and he removed to Poughkeep- sie where he revived his Journal with the date-line on May 11,