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Rh Pescara, Marquis de, 6 ; and the crown of Naples, 12 Peter the Great, fabulous letter of, Petrucci, 433 Pfordten, Bavarian Minister, and Napoleon III.'s demand for the Palatinate, 206 Pforzheim, monument erected at, in commemoration of fictitious event, 365 Philanthropy, apostolic, its economics, Philippe Egalite see Orleans, due de Philobiblion Club, founded by Lord Houghton, 422 Philosophy, reflection of, in history, 326 ; in relation to history, 386 ; to particular sciences, 326 Philosophy of history — attempted on principles of almost every system, 327 historical survey of writers on, 327- 1 Physical causes influencing mankind, -41 history of Egypt an example of the contrary, 335 science : influence on German his- torical writers, 386 Phillpotts, Bishop, 297 Picard, place of, under the new French Republic, 250 Piedmont in 1848, Cavour (q.v.) and the constitution, 177 ; the war with Austria, conditions of under- taking it, as administered by Cavour, 203 and the Church, 202 " Italy in the germ," Mazzini on, Pierce, President, the United States under, 125-7 Pietri, skill of, in utilising the Orsini crime, 195 Pisa, Council of, Creighton's estimate of, 435 Pius II., Pope, 66, 71 Papacy under, 434 death of, end of Pastor's history, Pius III. and Church reform, 428-9 Pius IV. , creed of, accepted by Charles II-. 95 Pius VI., Pope, and Talleyrand as cardinal, 405 Pius VII., Talleyrand secularised by, Pius IX., effect of his reforms, as felt in Piedmont, 177 excommunicates all concerned in secularisation of religious orders, 187-8 refuses aid to Maximilian, 163 ; letter of Mesam addressed to, 166 Plato, Buckle's ignorance of, 332 George Eliot's attitude to, 294 ■ Plebiscite, the, and its consequences, el seq. , 230, 487 Plunket, Archbishop of Armagh, 119 Poland, King of, action of Alexander VI. as to his marriage, 77 partition of, attempts to discover author of, 366 position in, of the Jesuits, 1668., 114 Pole, Cardinal, on Henry VIII. 's services to the Church, 28 and the Divorce of Henry VIII., 30 Polignac, Talleyrand's estimate of, Political economy an ethical as well as material science, 176-7 date of higher development in Germany, 388 socialism in relation to, 390 Political error, as affecting the Church, 201 views of Cavour, early and mature, -6 murder, expediency of, Stephens s theory, 494 symbolism, theory of, 489 Politics, aim of Papacy in Luther's day, , and economics, Cavour s view ot their independence, 179 practical, in America before the war, its two successes, 124 Pomponatius, trial of, 435 Popish plot, its causes, 116 a mysterious figure in, 112 Population, French and German com- pared, 1866., 207 Portugal, King of, joint-embassy of protest sent by, to Alexander VI., 71 Powers, the, attitude of, after Sedan, Prierias, dispute of, with Luther, 33 Prim, General, operations of, in Mexico, 150 ; and the offer of the Spanish crown to Prince Leopold, 214, 215, 217 ; his tentatives with other candidates, 216 Primogeniture and aristocracy, inter- dependence of, 183 Prince Imperial, the, 248, 259 Prokesch on Napoleon's boyhood, 446 Protestant theology (see also Luther, Lutheran), historical method of