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Rh Euler, inspirer of Malthus, 287 Europe and America, the one decisive contrast between, 134 Europeanisation of the Italian question, Cavour on, 189 Ewald, writer on Old Testament, 370, 378 Excommunication, as used by Alex- ander VI. , 76 Exequatur, the, effects of its restoration in Mexico, 159 Fact proves right, maxim of, disputed in re Luther, 31 Faidherbe, and his forces, 256, 267 Falloux, dialogues, preserved by, 4, 181 Farina, La, Italian patriot, 174 on Garibaldi, 198 Farini, Italian patriot, 174 Favre, Jules, and the events of Septem- ber 1870., 247 et seq. ; his great declaration and negotiations for peace, 251 ; the failure, 253 ; as member of Siege Government, 263 arranges the armistice of January 1871., 269 Ferdinand of Aragon, King of Spain and Sicily, attitude of, to Pope Alex- ander VI., 68, 71 and the fiction of the Sicilian Mon- archy, 2, 3 statement of, on Catharine's first marriage, 34 Ferdinand of Austria and the Pope, 1527., 19 Ferdinand Maximilian, see Maxi- milian, Archduke. Ferdinand VII., 413 Ferrara, Duke of, 1502., 71 disloyal to the Pope, 42 Feuerbach, 297 ; and George Eliot, change of thought independent of, 280 ; later influence of, 288 ; translation of his work, 289 repudiation of Christianity, 289 Fichte, influence on Ranke, 355 Ficker, an originator, 496 continuation of Bdhmer's work by, Fillmore, President, his prophecy ful- filled, 139 Finance as related to democracy, Pied- mont and England, 179 Financial chaos in Mexico, 147 ; the repudiation of European claims, armed intervention of the Powers, 149 ; Prim's campaign, 149-50 ; the claims of the Powers settled, 150; France's extravagant de- mands, 150-51 ; the French loan to Maximilian, 157 ; that prince's undertakings, 157 ; and diffi- culties, 159 Fisln-r, John, Bishop of Rochester, atti- tude of, to the Divorce of Henry VIII., 18; his defence of Queen Catharine, 31 Fixed law, free-will not incompatible with, 313-15 ; supersession of chance by, 324 Fleury, his mission to Russia, 209 Forest destruction, a characteristic of the Spaniard, 143 Fouche 442 Fox, Henry VIII. 's almoner, sent to Rome, 36 Fox, Charles James, Tallyrand's tribute to, 398 France, see also Napoleon I. and HI. annexation by, of Nice and Savoy, -7 approval by, of Mexican (proposed) monarchy, 1846., 146; the campaign in, 151 et seq.; the troops withdrawn, 163-4; in Mexico, 149-50 ; the extravagant financial claims, 150-51 ; the mission of Almonte, 151 ; sum- mary of its colonial history for a hundred years, 152; aims of the Emperor Napoleon III. (q.v.), iSi-3 contribution of, to the problem of causes of the war of 1870, 204- crown of, Henry VIII. s attempts to gain, 4, 5 ; his demand for it from Charles V., 7 Henry VIII. 's alliance with, 1527, bearing of, on the Divorce, 16 ; advantage of, to Wolsey, his embassy, 19 invasion of, 1870., 240 et seq. isolation of, at outbreak of war, Lutheranism in, temp. Francis I., and the papacy under Alexander VI. , 68 et seq. population of.all but stationary, 1866., 207 position of, in continuing the war after Sedan, 254 as republic, its aid rejected by Pied- mont, 177, 181 ; but not ns empire, 181 territorial greed of, 254