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Rh instance of, on England (1848), 178, (i860) 195 ; his first ministries, 179 his dislike of Austrian reforms, at the Congress of Paris, 189 how he crippled Mazzini, 194 during the war, 196 ; resignation of, after the Peace of Villafranca, id. relations of, with Garibaldi, 198-9 the two greatest events in his career, invasion of Roman and Neapolitan dominions decreed by, its justifi- cation by results, 199 and the Church, his attitude towards religion, 200 et seq. summary of his policy, domestic and foreign, 199-301 views on — the annexation of Savoy, 197 the Austrian Concordat, 188 Church property, 184 court equality, 183 economic as involved with political regeneration, 179 Italian question, position of, after Congress of Paris, 189 peerage, on English lines, 184 political economy as ethical in nature, 176 religious liberty, 184 secularisation of religious orders, union of the Danubian Princi- palities, 186 followers of, George Eliot's praise of, 295 Cavour, Marquis Gustave de, his clericalism, 175 Central Italy, rule of the Borgias in, Centralisation, how balanced in a Federation, Hamilton on, 135 Chalons, French retreat on, 244 Champagny, Talleyrand's denunciation of, 398 Changarnier, 246 Channing, on majority rule, 133 Chanzy, and his forces, fine quality of, 267 ; defeated at Le Mans, 268, 269 Charette, Gambetta's general of the West, 256 Charier, Abbe 91 Charles Albert, King of Piedmont, constitutional reforms of, 177; the war with Austria, ib. Charles VIII., King of France, and the siege of Rome, 69, 70, 83 ; excommunication of, 70 his marriage schemes, Alexander VI. 's action concerning, jj Charles, Prince of Hohenzollern, King of Roumania, 211-22 Charles I., King of England, his con- cern about the faith of his children, 86-7 Charles II., King of England, Secret History of, 85 change of faith of — true attitude of, towards the Catholic faith, 85 ; views of noted writers on, 86 ; arguments in support, 86 et seq. his secret adoption thereof, the question of date, 89, 90 a marriage with a niece of Mazarin proposed for, 91 as protector of his Catholic sub- jects and of Papal interests, 93 proposed form of submission of, to Rome, 95-6 ; not apparently accepted, 97 public attitude to Popery (1663), his later explanations, 97-8 frets at concealing his Catholicism, his attempts to make it known, how thwarted, 101, 109 et set/. his death and confession, 109 holograph papers by, on religion, found after death, 109 ; not composed by him, no; MSS. authorities on the subject, 115 & note an illegitimate son of, hitherto un- known to history, 85-115 ; his written recognition of (1665), 98-9 ; his assurances as to the possibilities of his succession, 103; but allows him to take orders, 104 ; disavows the pseudo de la Cloche, 105 ; a mysterious priest visits him during the Popish Plot, 112 on his aims on the French alliance, 116-17 Charles V., Emperor of Germany, and the Divorce of Henry VIII., Catharine's appeals to, 19 ; con- sistent attitude and action of, as to the Divorce, 25, 26, 40, 41 cV note, 42 ; the mystery of the Brief, 48-9 attempts to secure English friendship, 4 ; but repudiates later his be- trothal with Mary Tudor, 7 Charlotte of Belgium, wife of the Em- peror Maximilian, her parentage,