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 HERRINGSHAWS LIBRARY OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. war. Since 1867 he has been engaged in publishing maps and atlases; and has a successful business in Chicago, 111. He is the author of Hand Book of ueography; and Minuette, a Tale of the (^rusader. Cram, George Henry, soldier, was born in Pennsylvania. In 1S61 he was captain in the ninth regiment Kentucky volunteer infantry; and in 1865 was brevetted brigadiergeneral of volunteers. He died Aug. 5, 1872.

Cram, George Taylor, soldier, financier, banKer, was born Sept. 17, 1834, in Meredith, N.H. He enlisted in the civil war; and was made second lieutenant of the New HampsJiire cavalry, jin 1866 he entered the employ of the American central insurance company; and later became president. He was president of the Third national bank for seven years; and is still its director. Cram, Ralph Adams, architect, author, poet, was born Dec. 16, 1863, in Hampton Falls, N.H. He is an arcnitect of Boston, Mass. He is the author of The Decadent, being the Gospel of Inaction; Black Spirits and White, a book of ghost stories; and In the Island of Avalon, a book of poems. Cram, Thomas Jefferson, soldier, was born about 1807 in New Hampshire. In 1866 he was brevetted brigadier-general and majorgeneral in the regular army for his services during the civil war. After this he served on boards of engineers for improvement of harbors on the great lakes; and in 1869 was retired. He died Dec. 20, 1SS3, in Philadelphia, Pa. Cram, William Everett, farmer, naturalist, author, was born June 22, 1871. in Hamp-

ton Falls, N.H. He received a thorough education in the public

and private schools of

New

England. He has contributed to the Popular Science Monthly, the New England Magazine, the Ladies Home Journal and other leading publications. He is a writer

and

illustrator of ornithological works at Hampton Falls, N.H. He is the author of Little Beasts of Field and Wood; American

Animals; and various other works and contributions to

American

literature.

Cramer, Francis L., soldier, was born in Nebraska. In 1862 he was second lieutenant in the first regiment Nebraska cavalry; and in 1865 was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers.

Cramer, Frank, educator, author, was born Nov. 4, 1861, in Wausau, Wis. He was professor of natural history, and geology at Lawrence university in 1886-91; and in 189399 was principal of Manzanita hall at Palo Alto, C'al. He is the author of Methods of Darwin; and On the Cranial Characters of the Genus Sebastodes.

139

Cramer, John, state senator, congressman,

was born Sept. 26, 1779, in Waterford, N.Y. He was a presidential elector in 1805; served three years in the assembly; and three years in the state senate of New York. He was a member of the state constitutional convention of 1821; and in 1833-37 he was a representative from New York to the twenty-third and twenty-fourth congresses. He died June 1, 1870, in Waterford, N. Y. Cramer, Michael John, clergyman, diplomat, was born Feb. 6, 1835, in Switzerland. He was chaplain in the United States army in 186-1; and in the latter year was appointed United States consul at Leipsic, Germany. In 1870 he was appointed United States minister to Denmark; in 1881 was transferred in a like capacity to the republic of Switzerland. He died Jan. 22, 1898, in Carlisle, Pa.

Cramer, William E., journalist, publisher, statesman, was born Oct. 29, 1871, in Waterford, N.Y. He was admitted to the bar, but adopted the career of journalism. In 1847 he became the editor and senior proprietor of the Milwaukee Evening Wisconsin, in which position he has continued for half a century. Wben he settled in Wisconsin, the state had not adopted its constitution; and he was instrumental in incorporating into its organic law the homestead exemption clause, and the section providing for the right of married women to retain possession of their property. Cranip, Charles Henry, was bom May 9, 1S28, in Philadelphia, Pa. In 1879 he became president of the William Cramp and sons ship and engine building company of Philadelphia, Pa.; and is now the most conspicuous shipbuilder of the United States,

employing six thousand men. Cramp, William, manufacturer, ship-builder, was born in September, 1807, in Piiiladelphia. Pa. He received a common school

education and studied the ministry. In 1830 he established the ship building company for

which became Cramp and sons; and was so engaged for nearly fifty years. tiie

to 1860

wooden

They

built the Ironsides, also the

vessels.

new

Up

firm built

Union,

Chattanooga;

the Monitor, Ya.zoo and other vessels for the government's use in the civil war. The New Ironsides was completed in seven months from the time the trees were cut down until the vessel was launched. In 1870 they began the building of compound marine engines. He died July 6, 1879, in Atlantic aty, N. J. Crampton, Charles Albert, chemist, scientist, was born Feb. 18, 1858, in Davenport, Iowa. Since 1890 he has been chief chemist of the International revenue bureau. He is a