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384   an open floating concession is a necessary ingredient to its validity; and that it must also be an authorized survey to sever any land from the royal domain. I shall make no comment on these cases, but merely refer to them. Wherry v. The United States, 10 Peters, 338; Smith v. The United States, Ib. 327; United States v. ForbesForber [sic], Ib. 180; Buyck v. The United States, Ib. 230; O'Hara v. The United States, Ib. 297; The United States v. Delespine, Ib. 328Ib. 228 [sic]; The United States v. Miranda, 16 Ib. 155, 162; The United States v. Hanson, Ib. 198; The United States v. ClarkeGeorge [sic], Ib. 228; The United States v. King, 3 How. 784; The United States v. Lawton, 5 Ib. 26.

But upon this point I need not multiply authorities. Ordinances and regulations expressly sanctioned by the king, practice conforming to these regulations, the decisions of our courts of justice, all combine to establish it as a proposition beyond dispute, that a concession indefinite in itself, is void, without the aid of an official survey.

In most grants, even those of a descriptive character, which designated the place where the lands were to be located, a survey was required to be made and returned before a party could obtain a formal and perfect title. Non-interference with the rights of others was a condition which attached to all grants, and was generally expressed; but if not expressed, always implied. This, of itself, demanded an actual survey on the ground, as the only certain mode of observing that condition.

The actual demarcation of boundary lines by authorized persons, and the formal return of the proceeding were the only means of affording authentic official evidence of the location of grants and the separation of public from private property.

It is not pretended that the lands mentioned in this concession were surveyed within one year, nor before the 10th day of March, 1804. On the contrary, the fact is distinctly alleged in the petition, that there was no actual survey; and an excuse is offered for the omission, which, when scrutinized, will be found to be insufficient. According to a well-established rule, this averment cannot be controverted by proof on the part of the petitioners; they being bound to abide by their own pleadings. To obviate the want of a survey, it is said that a