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108 I08 HARVARD LAW REVIEW. tury, on the other hand, have been almost as many in number, and much wider in range. A question of succession was made the pretext for the Franco-Prussian War ; the Zulu War was due to England's ambition for territory; and the war of 1830 between France and Algiers grew out of a financial dispute; while religion was the cause of the Sepoy Rebellion, independence was the goal of the Greek Revolution, and social troubles were the origin of the American Rebellion. The result of eighty years' experience, then, seems to be that in disputes financial and territorial, between parties which cannot easily fight, arbitration has become a recog- nized means of settlement; in disputes religious and social, and struggles for independence, arbitration has no place; while in dis- putes over succession, territory, and finance, where there is a motive of aggrandizement or glory instigating one party, arbitration has been equally out of the place in the past, and its greatest effect in the future will be to require the aggressor to find a more substantial casus belli than has been necessary hitherto. It is not merely the unwillingness of nations to adopt arbitration that accounts for its small success. It is essentially limited in its possibilities, — first from the nature of war, and then from its own nature. War is the result of evil passions inherent in mankind. The ideal remedy would be an improvement in human nature such as to avert all violent quarrels, rather than moral suasion applied when passion is beyond control. The general tendency of modern enthusiasms is far from hostile to war; quite the reverse, it glori- fies war. Whole nations bow down and worship a military leader, and seek to make him their ruler. The school-boy's hero is Julius Caesar or Napoleon I. He is drilled in military history, and remembers Hannibal and the Black Prince, and the dates of Mara- thon and Bannockburn, long after he can tell you what influence the leaders had on the world, and why the battles were important. The finest and most thrilling literature, too, from the " Iliad " to " The Deluge " treats of the same theme, and lends its glamour. A solid foundation for the popular esteem for military eminence exists in the courage and self-sacrifice called into play more vividly perhaps in war than in any other human affair. The senti- ment of nationality, usually regarded as a virtue, tends to narrow man's ideas from the human brotherhood in which war would be practically impossible to a condition where a fiery and ambitious ruler can plunge his country into strife, and then, confident of sup-