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407 INDIRECT ENCROACHMENT ON FEDERAL AUTHORITY 407 facts alluded to as sufficient evidence of a sinister purpose, such as would justify this court in striking down the law. We could not do this without in eflfect denouncing the legislature of the State as guilty of a conscious attempt to evade the obligations of the Federal Constitution. Assuming the law was changed in 19 10 because of a fear that the Cole Law would be held unconstitutional, the mere fact that, while excluding interstate earnings from the multiplicand, the multiplier was increased, is not of itself deemed sufficient evidence of an unlawful effort to burden a privilege that is not a proper subject of state taxation." ^^^ This method of dismissal does not close the door to similar ob- jections founded on economics and mathematics rather than on history. The record of state legislatures in the field of indirect action against interstate commerce is hardly one to blind the court to the possibility that now and then some state Solons may be "guilty of a conscious attempt to evade the obligations of the federal Constitution." . Without venturing into the precarious enterprise of attempting to analyze motives, we may see signs in the cases reviewed in this discussion that state legislatures have not infrequently sought to attain in roundabout ways what there was good reason to believe might not be accomplished directly.^^^ "2 232 U. S. 576, 593, 34 Sup. Ct. Rep. 372 (1914). ^^ Objections based by complainants on the state constitution have a bearing on the commerce question. One road contended that the tax was confiscatory because the gross earnings from intra-state business were not sufficient to pay the actual op- erating expenses due to that business. Another road adduced in support of the same objection the allegations that it was not "able to earn, from interstate or intrastate business, or both combined, after paying necessary and proper expenses, including taxes other than the excise tax, a return on the investment in its railroad, or on the value thereof, equal to the current rate of return on legitimate high-grade investments at all times readily available in the market" (232 U. S. 576, 588). Reliance was placed on declarations of the Ohio court in earlier cases to the effect that certain provisions in the state constitution "are implied limitations upon the power of taxation of privi- leges and franchises, and limit such taxation Lo the reasonable value of the privilege or franchise conferred originally, or to its continued value from year to year," and that "these limitations prevent confiscation and oppression under the guise of taxation, and the power of taxation cannot extend beyond what is for the common or public welfare, and the equal protection and benefit of the people; but the ascertaining and fixing of such values rests largely in the general assembly, but finally in the courts" {Ibid., 588-89). To this the Supreme Court answered that the state court in the cases relied on "dealt with a general law and its operation on all corporations of given classes through- out the State, and not with its effect upon specific financially weak corporations; that it was not intended to hold that the courts as final arbiters might overthrow a law im- posing a tax on privileges and franchises merely because in isolated cases such law