Page:Hand-book of Volapük (Sprauge, 1888).djvu/36

 It is often necessary to examin English passiv participles very carefully, to determine what tense they really signify.

The house seeri in the distance, dom palog&ouml;l in fog. The house built on a rock, dom pebum&ouml;l su klif.

If we turn the sentence into the activ form it will be clearer. The house which we see in the distance. The house which some one has built (not is building) on a rock.

There is another form of the participle, slightly differing from the future, and having the augment &ouml; instead of o. Its meaning is that which must or ought to do something, or that which must or ought to be done.

&Ouml;bin&ouml;l, that which ought to be. P&ouml;fin&ouml;l, to be finished. P&ouml;ks p&ouml;menod&ouml;l, errors to be corrected. P&ouml;ks pomenod&ouml;l, errors which will be corrected. = EXERCISE 20 =

'''O s&ouml;l pelestim&ouml;l ! Elil&auml;d&ouml;l vobuki ola nitedik, e no kan&ouml;l kap&auml;l&ouml;n dilis anik, penob ole penedi at al s&auml;k&ouml;n va vilol seplan&ouml;n obe setis suk&ouml;l.'''

Honored Sir : Having received your letter and not having and time to write to you this week, I hope that you will excuse the unavoidable (not-to-be-avoided) delay. = THE IMPERATIV = The ending of the simple imperativ is &ouml;d, following the person-ending.

Golol&ouml;d! Go ! (to one person.) Golols&ouml;d! Go ! (to more than one person.) Paf&ouml;givols&ouml;d! Be ye forgiven ! Lit binom&ouml;d ! Let there be light ! (Be light !) Seniton&ouml;d! Pay attention ! (indefinitely.)

There are two modifications of the imperativ, the courteous or softened form in -&ouml;s and the harsh form in -&ouml;z; called by some grammarians the optativ and the jussiv. The former expresses a request and the latter a positiv command.