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Rh Indian Tribes.” §8, cl. 3. That power, however, came very late in the drafting process and was narrower than initially proposed. See L. Toler, The Missing Indian Affairs Clause, 88 U. Chi. L. Rev. 413, 444–464 (2021) (Toler). At two separate points, James Madison and John Rutledge proposed a power to “ ‘regulate affairs with the Indians,’ ” a provision that would have mirrored the Articles. Id., at 447–448, 464–465 (emphasis added). Neither proposal received much debate, and both were rejected. See id., at 464–466. Instead, the Convention opted to include Indian tribes in a provision that had initially been drafted to include only power to “ ‘regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States.’ ” See ibid. The Convention thus expanded the Commerce Clause to the form we know today, empowering Congress to “ ‘regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes.’ ” Id., at 466.

On top of those powers, one more warrants note. As I have written previously, the Constitution vests the President with certain foreign-affairs powers including “[t]he executive Power,” which includes a residual authority over war, peace, and foreign interactions. See Art. II; Zivotofsky v. Kerry, 576 U. S. 1, 35–40 (2015) (, concurring in judgment in part and dissenting in part); United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp., 299 U. S. 304, 319 (1936). From the start, Presidents have exercised foreign-affairs powers not specifically enumerated on matters ranging from maintaining the peace and issuing passports to communicating with foreign governments and repelling sudden attacks on the Nation. S. Prakash, Imperial From the Beginning 119–132 (2015). In his Neutrality Proclamation, for example, President Washington declared that the United States would remain strictly neutral in the then-ongoing war between England and France. See A Proclamation (Apr. 22, 1793), reprinted in 1 American State Papers