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Rh power shows that there is no basis to stretch the Commerce Clause beyond its normal limits.

Third, the “structural principles” that the majority points to are only the foreign-affairs powers that the Constitution provides more generally. See Lara, 541 U. S., at 201 (citing Curtiss-Wright, 299 U. S., at 315–322). As detailed above, the Constitution plainly confers foreign-affairs powers on the Federal Government to regulate passports, offenses against the laws of nations, and citizens’ acts abroad that threaten the Nation’s peace. S. Prakash & M. Ramsey, The Executive Power Over Foreign Affairs, 111 Yale L. J. 231, 298–332 (2001). Those powers were brought to bear on Indian tribes, with whom the Federal Government maintained a government-to-government relationship. See, e.g., Cohen §1.03[1], at 25–26; 1 Stat. 470 (passports on Indian lands); id., at 137 (crimes on Indian lands); id., at 383 (enlisting with foreign states).