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 96 ARTISTS AND AUTHORS laid the foundations of his fortune. He formed acquaintances among the fore- most literary men of that nation, such as the Walpoles, Bubb Doddington, Bolingbroke, Congreve, Sir Everard Falkener, and the poet Pope. The effect of these associations in the literary career of Voltaire is marked. They deep- ened and broadened his mind, and reduced the flippancy of method, which is the bane of French literature, to its minimum. He suffered an exile of three years, a long term for the offence he had com- mitted. In 1729 he was permitted to return to Paris. That year, by a lottery speculation, in which he was a sure winner, he secured enough money, when added to what he already possessed, to render him independent of all patronage. From this time on he never knew the want of money, nor permitted an oppor- tunity to pass by which he could increase his riches. The next few years were mainly devoted to the production of poems, plays, and English letters. During these years his pen continually brought him into difficulty. Some of his productions he denied. At last, in 1 734, when a pirated edition of his English letters appeared, containing also a criticism upon the fanat- icism of the saintly Pascal, full of heresy, good sense, and keen satire, the fury of the storm broke upon him again. A warrant was immediately issued for his ar- rest ; the officer charged with the duty of capturing him found that Voltaire had left the Chateau at Monjeau, where he had been in attendance at the wedding of the Duke de Richelieu, so the arrest was not made. We now find him at the Chateau of Madame du Chatelet. His relations with this woman will not bear scrutiny. The most charitable construction which can be put upon the fifteen years during which Voltaire lived with her is, that she, like himself, was morally the product of the age. If, however, it is urged against them that there were pure women and honorable men in France at that time, it may be asserted that such were men and women who had not been surrounded from childhood with the influences and social customs in which Voltaire and Madame du Chatelet lived, moved, and had their being. When this woman died Voltaire found himself in a very unsettled condi- tion. During his life at the Chateau de Cirey he had received letters from Prince Frederick of Prussia. Now the prince is king, and he asks Voltaire to be his guest, and find with him a refuge and a home. The "respectable Emily " being dead, Voltaire, after considerable haggling about money matters with Frederick, who behaved generously, at last consented. In the year 1751 the French author reached Berlin. Frederick treated him in a right kingly way. From the very first Voltaire behaved like a marplot, rather than as the guest of a king. Quarrel succeeded quarrel. Most of his em- oroilments with the king were of less credit to Voltaire than to Frederick. The former was as full of tricks as Puck, and impish in his mischief. Frederick was overbearing and tyrannical. Having a rude sense of justice, being German, he would grant no license to the stinging, envious satires of the jealous, envious Frenchman. They managed to get on with each other for about three years. Voltaire disgusted Frederick by getting into a lawsuit with a Jewish banker.