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 JAMES LAWRENCE 317 It would be complimenting the valor of Lawrence at the expense of his judgment, if we were to pronounce him ardent for the fight, with the circum- stances under which it took place. In fact, as Mr. Cooper states, " he went into the engagement with strong reluctance, on account of the undisciplined state of his crew, tcwwhom he was personally unknown. The challenging vessel, on the contrary, carried a picked crew, with every advantage of discipline and equip- ment. The presumption, of course, is that he was fully prepared. The arma- ment of the two vessels was about equal, mounting forty-nine guns each. At noon, then, on June ist, Lawrence weighed anchor and left his station in the bay to proceed to sea with a southwesterly breeze. The Shannon was in sight, and the two ships stood off the shore till about half-past four in the after- noon, when the Chesapeake fired a gun, which was the signal for a series of ma- noeuvres, bringing the vessels within range of each other about a quarter before six. The Shannon hove to, and the Chesapeake bore down toward her. It was Lawrence's intention to bring his ship fairly alongside of the enemy for a full discharge of his battery. He consequently first received the enemy's fire from the cabin guns, as, the wind having freshened, his ship came up to measure her length with her antagonist, which lay with her head to the southeast. Then the Chesapeake poured in her full fire, inflicting considerable damage, which was re- peated in the successive discharges for several minutes. In this commencement of the action it was considered that the Shannon received most injury, particu- larly in her hull. Unhappily, the Chesapeake in turn lost the command of her sails. The ship was consequently brought up into the wind, and fell aboard of the enemy, with her mizzen rigging foul of the Shannon's fore-chains. This ac- cident exposed the Chesapeake to a raking fire, which swept her deck, and, as she was already deprived of the services of the officers who had fallen in the first discharges, her guns in turn were deserted by the men. Captain Lawrence had already received a wound in the leg ; his first lieutenant, Ludlow, was wounded ; the sailing-master was killed, and other important officers were mortally wounded. As the ships became entangled, Lawrence gave orders to summon the boarders, who were ready below ; but unhappily, the negro whose duty it was to call them up by his bugle, was too much frightened to sound a note. A verbal message was sent, and before it could be executed Lawrence was a second time struck, receiving a grapeshot in his body. The deck was thus left with no officer above the rank of a midshipman. The men of the Shannon now poured in and gained possession of the vessel. As Lawrence was borne below, mortally wounded, his dying thoughts were of his command, uttering his order not to strike the flag of his ship, or some equivalent expression, which is handed down in the popular phrase, " Don't give up the ship ! " He lingered and died of his wounds on board on June 6th. The Chesapeake was carried into Halifax, and there the re- mains of her gallant captain were borne from the frigate with military honors, with every mark of respect which a generous enemy could pay to a fallen hero.