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 CHARLEMAGNE 75 Pepin, ho.wever, had in view a more national war than this. -The duchy of Aquitaine was perpetually in a state of resistance to the authority of the Prankish kings. This was owing, in some measure, to the difference of language and civili- zation which prevailed between the people of the duchy and those of the kingdom. A spirit of hostility was also fostered by the increase of population which Aquitaine obtained from the Gascons, a tribe from the Pyrenees, not subject to the Franks. After a long period of uncertain warfare, Pepin determined to decide the struggle by active operations. He accordingly, in 759, took advantage of a rising of the people of Septimania against their Arabian rulers. He made himself master of Narbonne and other towns, and freed the Septimanians. Then turning upon Waif re, Duke of Aquitaine, he summoned him to disgorge the spoils which he had seized from the Aquitanian lands of certain churches of France. Waifre replied in defiant terms, and for nine years resisted the attempts of Pepin to reduce him to submission. It vas a sanguinary and desolating war. The fairest districts of Auvergne, Limou- sin, and Berry, were laid waste and burnt by Pepin ; and in the Prankish territories Waifre levied an equally terrible retribution. He was murdered at last by some of his own subjects, at the instigation of the Prankish king. This is the one in- stance of actual crime which we find recorded against Pepin ; and legend tells that its shadow rested heavily upon his mind. Aquitaine was annexed to the kingdom. It was Pepin's last achievement. He did not, as we might have expected he would, die in harness on the battle-field, but of dropsy, at the age of fifty-four. This event occurred in 768, at St. Denis. Long before his death he had obtained the coronation of his two sons, Charles and Carloman, jointly with his own, and directed his territories to be divided between them. To be the successful founder of a new dynasty demands a genius which we may justly entitle heroic, expressive as that word is of strength of character merely, without regard to moral worth. Pepin, however, "was not devoid of the latter, to a limited extent, and has left a memory which, if not remarkable fo virtue, is at least not disfigured by vice. CHARLEMAGNE By SIR J. BERNARD BURKE (742-814) JHE birthplace of Charlemagne is unknown, but from various data we may infer that he was born somewhere about the year 742, nearly seven years before his father, Pepin the Short, assumed the title of king. His mother was Bertha, daughter of Charibert, Count of Leon. Of his boyhood we know as little as of his birth, but he seems at an early age to have mingled in the real business of life, for when only twelve years old