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 PEPIN THE SHORT aggression ; and in 744 Pepin severely punished a revolt of his father's old ene- my (Eudes, Duke of Aquitaine), who, as already stated, had been compelled to do homage to the Prankish crown. Pepin soon had no sharer in his power, or fame. Carlo man was not made for a soldier, and, under v the sudden impulse of devotional feeling, resigned his of- fice in 747, and retired into a Roman monas- tery. Pepin, thus left sole lord of France, did not hastily attempt to cut prejudice against the grain. Feeling his way gradually, he sounded popular opinion for three years, on the subject of chang- ing the royal dynasty, and placing the " crown on the head of one who had a good right arm to defend it. Finding himself strong enough at last to take decided measures, he quietly dethroned Childeric III. ; and shaving off his long hair, the symbol of royalty among the early Prankish kings, sent him to one monastery at St. Omer, and his son Thierry to another at Fontenelle. This accomplished, Pepin proceeded to obtain justification for his acts from the Pope. This was a novel step ; for although the bishops of Rome had great spiritual influence over Christendom, in virtue of their alleged descent from St. Peter, their temporal authority was by no means admitted out of their own diocese. Pepin was a wise man in his generation, though short-sighted as far as posterity was concerned. He saw clearly enough that no sanction which he could obtain for his acts was likely to be so binding upon the minds of his subjects, and the world at large, as that pronounced by a power which had already fastened its yoke on the soul and conscience. The Pope, Zachariah, was not insensible to the importance of the Prankish monarchy, being at the time of Pepin's accession especially in need of help against Astolpho, king of the Lom- bards, who threatened to seize on the Eternal City itself. When, therefore, Pe- pin's envoys arrived at Rome, and conveyed their master's application, the pon- tiff did not hesitate to answer that it was truly fitting for one to be king in name who was king in deed. Thus fortified against opposition, Pepin proceeded to fulfil all the ceremonies attaching to the kingly dignity. He and his queen, Ber- tna, were duly crowned and consecrated by Boniface, the "Apostle of Germany," and Bishop of Mainz. This rite was performed at Soissons, in 752, with all the pomp that the Jewish kings had been wont to employ on such occasions. The national assembly was summoned ; and in presence of the great Frank nobles Bcniface produced a phial of oil, announcing it as that which had fallen from heaven on the day when the first king of the Franks (Clovis) had received bap-