Page:Gospel of Buddha.djvu/305

 Jain, modernised form of skt. Jaina; an adherent of the Jain-sect which reveres Vardhamana (Nataputta) as Buddha. (See Jainism.)—48. Jainism, a sect, founded by Vardhamana, older than Buddhism and still extant in India. It is in many respects similar to Buddhism. Buddha's main objection to the Jains was the habit of their ascetics of going naked. The Jains lay great stress upon ascetic exercises and self-mortification which the Buddhists declare to be injurious.

Ja´mbu, p. and skt. a tree.—10, 35.

Jambū´nada, p., Jāmbū´nada, skt. a town of unknown site. (Also the name of a mountain and of a lake.)—202.

Ja´tila, p., "wearing matted hair." The Jatilas were Brahman ascetics. Buddha converted a tribe of them, and Kassapa, their chief, became one of his most prominent disciples.—62, 63, 64, 65.

Je´ta, the heir apparent to the kingdom of Sāvatthī. 76.

Je´tavana, a vihāra. 76, 77, 81, 168, 191, 195, 208, 215.

Jhā´na, p., Dhyā´na, skt., intuition, beatic vision, ecstasy, rapture, the result of samādhi. Buddha did not recommend trances as means of religious devotion, urging that deliverance can be obtained only by the recognition of the four noble truths and walking on the noble eightfold path, but he did not disturb those who took delight in ecstasies and beatific visions. Buddha's interpretation of the Dhyāna is not losing consciousness but a self-possessed and purposive eradication of egotism. There are four Dhyānas, the first being a state of joy and gladness born of seclusion full of investigation and reflexion; the second one, born of deep tranquillity without reflexion or investigation, the third one brings the destruction of passion, while the fourth one consists in pure equanimity, making an end of sorrow. [See Rhys Davids's B. pp. 175–176.] In the Fo-Sho-hing-tsang-king, the Dhyāna is mentioned twice only: first, III, 12, vv. 960–978, where Ārāda sets forth the doctrine of the four Dhyānas which is not approved of by Buddha and secondly, at Buddha's death; when his mind is said to have passed, through all the Dhyānas.—176, 249.

Ji´na, p. and skt., the Conqueror, an honorary title of Buddha. The Jains use the term with preference as anappellative of Vardhamāna whom they revere as their Buddha.—48.

Jī´vaka, p. and skt., physician to king Bimbisāra. According to tradition he was the son of king Bimbisāra and the courtesan Salavatī. We read in Mahāvagga VIII that after his birth he was exposed But saved; then he became a most famous physician and cured Buddha of a trouble-some disease contracted by wearing cast off rags. He was an ardent 277