Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/87

 adjective. For the closest connexion between two or more words is added.

5. The consecution of the several accents (especially the correspondence of disjunctives with their proper conjunctives) conforms in the most minute details to strict rules, for a further investigation of which we must refer to the above-mentioned works. Here, to avoid misunderstanding, we shall only notice further the rule that in the accentuation of the books, the before , and the  before , must be changed into conjunctives, unless at least two toneless syllables precede the principal disjunctive. For this purpose Šewâ mobile after Qameṣ, Ṣere, or Ḥolem (with Metheg ) is to be regarded as forming a syllable. After ʿOlè weyôrēd the ʾAthnâḥ does not necessarily act as pausal (cf. Delitzsch on ). The condition of our ordinary texts is corrupt, and the system of accents can only be studied in correct editions [see Wickes' two treatises].

6. A double accentuation occurs in, from onward (where the later accentuation, intended for public reading, aims at uniting vv. 22 and 23 into one, so as to pass rapidly over the unpleasant statement in v. 22); and in the Decalogue, ;. Here also the later (mainly superlinear) accentuation which closes the first verse with (instead of ) is adopted simply for the purposes of public reading, in order to reduce the original twelve verses (with sublinear accentuation) to ten, the number of the Commandments. Thus at the end of v. 2 has Silluq (to close the verse) in the lower accentuation, but in the upper, which unites vv. 2-6 (the actual words of God) into a single period, only Rebhiaʿ. Again, regarded as closing v. 3, is pointed (pausal Qameṣ with Silluq ), but in the upper accentuation it is  with Pathaḥ because not in pause. (Originally there may have been a third accentuation requiring and, and thus representing vv. 2 and 3 as the first commandment.) Further the upper accentuation unites vv. 8-11 into one period, while in vv. 12-15 the lower accentuation combines commandments 5-8 into one verse. Cf. Geiger,, p. 373 ; Japhet, , p. 158, and esp. K. J. Grimm, xix (May, 1900), no. 145.

These are both closely connected with the accents.

1. Maqqēph ( i.e. ) is a small horizontal stroke between the upper part of two words which so connects them that in respect of tone and pointing they are regarded as one, and therefore have only one accent. Two, three, or even four words may be connected in this way, e.g., , , ,.

Certain monosyllabic prepositions and conjunctions, such as, , , , , , , , , are almost always found with a following Maqqēph, provided they have not become independent forms by being combined with prefixes, e.g. , , in which case Maqqēph as a rule does not follow. Occasionally Maqqēph is replaced by a conjunctive accent (see above,, 1 c), as, according to the Masora, in , , , , in the case of ; , ,  in the case of  the objective particle. Longer words are, however,