Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/509

 are actually co-ordinate. Frequently the language employs merely the simple connexion by, even to introduce an antithesis (, , , , and very frequently in circumstantial noun-clauses), or when one of the two clauses is not co-ordinated, but subordinated to the other. On the use of to introduce circumstantial clauses, cf. especially and ; introducing causal clauses, ; comparative clauses, ; final clauses, ; consecutive clauses,. On, cf. , and the sections there cited; on the use of in numerical sayings, cf. .

Rem. Sometimes wāw copulativum joins a sentence apparently to what immediately precedes, but in reality to a sentence which is suppressed and which must, therefore, be supplied from the context. So especially with imperatives to express inferences, e.g.  ;  for I have no pleasure in the death of him that dieth...,. Also at the beginning of a speech in loose connexion with an act or speech of another person, e.g., , , , 41, 7:13, ; cf. also, , ,. Sometimes the suppression of the protasis is due to passionate excitement or haste, which does not allow time for full expression; this is especially illustrated by, , , , , , , ,  , ,  (cf. verse 2); , ,  (at the same time a circumstantial clause whereas I=and yet I have, &c.); cf. also a new clause beginning with the formula of wishing, ; on the disconnected use of  and  cf. § 159 dd.

See V. Baumann,, Leipzig, 1894 (cf. the heading of § 138 above); G. Bergsträsser, ‘Das hebr. Präfix ,’ ZATW 1909, p. 40 ff.

1. By, e, relative clauses are divided into two classes: those which are used for the nearer definition of a noun (substantive or pronoun), and those which are not dependent on a noun. The former may be called incomplete, the latter complete relative clauses.

Complete relative clauses, as a rule (see the exceptions under n), are introduced by the originally demonstrative pronoun ; see further in. Similarly, incomplete relative clauses may also be introduced by, or by some other demonstrative pronoun; see further in and g–k. Very frequently, however, especially