Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/508



For further particulars of the use of, see Gesenius’ Thesaurus, i. 393 ff. On its use in the co-ordination of similar tenses and moods (e.g. five imperfects consecutive in, five perfects with ) as well as of dissimilar tenses and moods, the remarks made in the treatment of the tenses will suffice. With regard to the connexion of single nouns by (which strictly speaking is always really a contraction of so many clauses into a single sentence) the following observations may be made:—  (a) Contrary to English usage, which in lengthy enumerations uses the and to connect only the last member of the series, in Hebrew polysyndeton is customary, as in  wāw copulativum six times, 24:35 seven times, 15:19 ff. nine times, and in ten times. Sometimes, however, only the last two words are joined (so in a series of three members,, , , , , , &c.; the last three out of a series of four, ); less frequently only the first two, ; cf. . The formula (and) the day before yesterday,, &c., is always without the copula. On the other hand, the constructio asyndetos in a series of verbs is used as a rhetorical expedient to produce a hurried and so an impassioned description; e.g. at her feet he bowed, he fell, he lay;, , , , , , , , , , , , , &c. (b) Frequently is also explanatory (like isque, et—quidem, and the German und zwar, English to wit), and is then called, e.g.  and (i.e. namely) of the fat thereof (unless it is simply copulative); ,  (to wit two); 27:14, 28:23,  (in ; here as often elsewhere, to introduce an explanatory gloss, cf. , , and especially P. Haupt,  Isaiah, p. 90, l. 21 ff.),  and that too with the bear; , , , , , Ze 9:9, , ,  (but in  the  before  is to be omitted with the LXX); cf. also such combinations as —,, , , 11, &c.—In (see Driver on the passage), , &c.,  is equivalent to yea, and; in  even. is used to express emphasis (=and especially), e.g. in ;, , perhaps also in  yea, a whole host; .—An undoubted example of what is called  occurs in  a seething pot  burning rushes; cf. (with your little ones), 12:8,,. In Arabic this is followed by the accusative. is used in the sense of both—and in, ,. On as meaning sive—sive, cf. . (c) See the Lexicon on adverbs used in a copulative sense, such as, summing up a number, e.g. , , ; ; as an intensive and, e.g. , , ; cf. also such examples as see, yea see!  or  =both—and;  occurs three times in  and 32:20; also, which is generally still more intensive, in the sense of also, in addition to this, even, and belongs rather to poetry, and to the later language; frequently also equivalent to a mere and, but sometimes adversative but now, , &c.; and  (also three times), equivalent to both—and; cf. , ; prop. add to this also that, equivalent to not to mention, according to the context either quanto magis or quanto minus. serves to connect two or more sentences, or single words (on its various vocalization, cf. –g). Its use, however, is by no means restricted merely to joining sentences which