Page:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910 Kautzsch-Cowley edition).djvu/502



1. Besides the use of rhetorical questions, independent sentences are made negative by the adverbs (, where instead of the   we must evidently read ; perhaps preserved as a substantive) = the Greek οὐ, not,  = μή ( as a substantive),  (it is) not; , ,  (cf. ) not. The forms, , belong almost entirely to poetry.—With regard to  and  the main distinction is that verbal-clauses (rarely noun-clauses, see e) are regularly negatived by  (besides its use as negativing single words Especially in compounds, e.g.  lit. a no-God (Germ. Ungott)who is indeed called a god, but is not really a god, ; verse 17, cf., ;  lit. a not-people (Germ. Unvolk), ;, ; lit. not-wood, ; ,  lit. not-man, superhuman (of God), ; , , cf. ; , ; , 16:17; after   f. ; cf. also  ; , , , .—In  a construct state with several genitives is negatived by .—Also  is used with an infinitive, ; with an adjective, , , ; , ;  and ,  f.; , ; , , , &c.; , ; with a participle, e.g.  (unsown); (6:8, , , Zn 2:1, 3:5; the Masora, however, requires  in ,  in 62:12,  in ,  in , i.e. always 3rd sing. fem. perf. in pause = she was not comforted, &c., and consequently not compounds, but either relative clauses or (,, and especially 2:25) main clauses instead of proper names.—On the above compounds generally, cf. the dissertation mentioned in, note 2; on their use in sentences expressing a state, to convey attributive ideas, see u below. ), while is used exclusively with noun-clauses (see the examples below).

The conjunctions and, serve to negative dependent clauses. The particular uses of these particles are as follows:—

(a) (less frequently ), like οὐ, οὐκ, is used regularly for the objective, unconditional negation, and hence is usually connected with the perfect or imperfect (as indicative); on  with the imperfect to express an unconditional prohibition, see ; on its use with the jussive, see .—On  for, in interrogative sentences, cf. . In connexion with, (= any),  is used to express an absolute negation, nullus, none whatever (cf. the French ne... personne, ne... rien), usually in the order , e.g.  ; 9:11, , , , , ,  (cf. the same statement in the form of a rhetorical question, ); ,